Histopathology Lab

ROCK LAB

Self-Learning Modules

Independent Study Students

Cell Injury, Inflammation and Repair

Appendix--Acute appendicitis Demonstrate, in words, what constitutes the diagnostic criteria for acute appendicitis. Demonstrate (i.e., capture) a diagnostic field. Of the four classic layers of a GI wall, mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa/adventitia, which one MUST be infiltrated by neutrophils to enable the histopathologic diagnosis of acute appendicitis? Would this confirm the clinical diagnosis? Demonstrate fibrin.
Appendix--Peri-appendiceal abscess How might this abscess have occurred? What is the definition of an abscess in any part of the body? Which of the four layers in this case are infiltrated by neutrophils? Is the periappendiceal fat involved also? Note the absence of mucosal epithelium. Why?
Appendix --Acute appendicitis2 Find some remnant mucosal glands. What is the definition of ulceration anywhere in the body? Demonstrate neutrophils (i.e., "polys", or PMNs) in all four layers---mucosa, submucosa, muscular layer, serosa. In fat too.
Bone--Osteoarthritis, subchondral cyst Is cartilaginous erosion a main consistent finding in degenerative arthritis (i.e., osteoarthritis), grossly and microscopically and radiologically? Demonstrate it. Draw a circle delineating the subchondral cyst. What is inside the cyst? Can, more or less, the terms osteoarthritis and degenerative arthritis be used interchangeably?
Bone, vertebrae--Fracture callus What are the two types of "callus" in the phases of a healing bone fracture? Which type is this? What is it composed of? Demonstrate it.
Brain --Cerebral infarct, recent Is brain damage always used as the best example of liquefactive necrosis? Why is necrosis here "liquefactive"? Can many types of brain damage cause liquefactive necrosis, in a non-specific fashion? Might this area feel "softer" to the touch and look less dense on CT, and have more water (i.e., protons) for MRI signals? Demonstrate it by drawing a line in the interface between the liquefactive necrosis and the more normal brain tissue.
Brain --Viral encephalitis Demonstrate lymphocytic perivascular "cuffing" in the Virchow-Robbins space. Is this a classic feature of almost all encephalitis cases? Are the vast majority of encephalitis cases viral rather than bacterial? Are the vast majority of meningitis cases bacterial rather than viral? If an encephalitis also involves the meninges, or a meningitis also involves the brain substance as well, what is the preferred term for this?
Brain, cerebellum --Abscess Demonstrate the abscess by drawing a circle around it. What is the most common cause for brain abscesses in children? Name some things which are associated with brain abscesses in adults. What type of cell comprises over 99% of a brain abscess or any abscess for that matter? Why does the abscess look so much more necrotic or liquefied in the central portion?
Breast --Fat necrosis, traumatic What is the most common cause of fat necrosis in any part of the body? Demonstrate granulomas, giant cells, and hemosiderin.
Colon --Pseudomembranous colitis Demonstrate the "pseudomembrane". What are the two main constituents of the pseudomembrane? What bacterial toxin is this almost always associated with?
Elbow--Chronic fibrinous bursitis Why can the phrase "chronic fibrinous" be construed as an oxymoron? What is a "bursa" as opposed to a joint cavity? Show the fibrin. Show the fibrosis. Show some synovial cells. Show "villi". Is this a nonspecific reaction to damage?
Esophagus--Chronic esophagitis Which of the four primary GI tract layers, mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa/adventitia is involved the most? Demonstrate this. Being "chronic" inflammation, what is the primary cell(s) of infiltration? Do any other layers chow chronic inflammatory cell infiltrates? If so, show it.
Gallbladder--Acute cholecystitis Is the presence of neutrophils in the wall of the gallbladder needed for the diagnosis of acute cholecystitis? Demonstrate this. Demonstrate some fibrin. If the inflammatory infiltrate was severe enough to weaken the wall of the gallbladder, what might be a sequela of this?
Heart--Acute fibrinous pericarditis Demonstrate the fibrin. Is it limited to the pericardial layer? What are some common causes of acute pericarditis?
Heart --Pericarditis, bacterial In all honesty, can this be grossly or microscopically differentiated from a NON-bacterial pericarditis? Do you feel confident enough to identify bacteria on this type of stain? If so, demonstrate some. What are common bacteria to do this? Is the inflammation limited to the pericardial layer? Would you culture ANY pericardium or tissue which looks inflamed?
Heart --Myocardial infarct, acute Demonstrate the coagulation necrosis. Demonstrate the neutrophilic infiltrates (i.e., acute inflammatory infiltrate)
Heart --Myocardial infarct, remote Draw a line separating the fibrosis (scar) from the normal cardiac muscle tissue. How might one differentiate scar (fibrosis), from coagulation necrosis, from normal cardiac muscle (in words)?
Heart --Myocardial infarction, recent Demonstrate granulation tissue. What is "granulation" tissue? Can the term "granulation tissue" be used, more or less, interchangeably, with the term "organizing inflammation"?
Kidney--Arteriolosclerosis (hypertension), and hydropic change (cellular swelling) Demonstrate tubules with "hydropic" change. What is hydropic change? Is hydropic change a NON-specific finding in many diseases?
Kidney--Diabetic glomerulosclerosis Even if you didn't know anything at all about diabetes, and also had contempt for esoteric words like "Kimmelsteil-Wilson", simply name some ways this kidney differs from all the normal kidneys you have seen in your life.
Kidney--Interstitial nephritis What is the "interstitium" of the kidney? Why might the term "thyroidization" be described here as an adjective? Demonstrate it. Demonstrate a tubule with coagulation necrosis.
Kidney --Acute tubular necrosis Show, in any way, shape, or form, a necrotic tubule. Name two or three most common causes of ATN.
Kidney --Diffuse cortical necrosis Draw a line between the necrotic cortex and the more viable appearing medulla. On which side of that line can nuclei be discerned more easily? Why?
Liver--Acute and chronic cholangitis Which parts of the cut sections of the liver show the inflammatory changes? What is the usual cause of cholangitis? Why might this be called "acute" and "chronic" from a histopathological point of view? What is the definition of ANY cholangitis? Demonstrate an inflamed area. What changes are seen in the bile ducts themselves (plain English, please)?
Liver--Cirrhosis What TWO features are ALWAYS needed to diagnose all types cirrhosis? Demonstrate each one.
Liver --Central passive congestion and centrilobular hemorrhagic necrosis Which part of the liver lobule becomes damaged first in oxygen/flow related injuries? (centrilobular or periportal) Which part of the liver lobule becomes damaged first in toxic related injuries? (centrilobular or periportal)
Liver --Cirrhosis What TWO features are ALWAYS needed to diagnose all types of cirrhosis? Demonstrate each one.
Lung--Acute infarct, septic Why are true infarcts of the lung uncommon even with pulmonary emboli? Why might this one be called septic? Can you see bacteria? Why might this be called a hemorrhagic infarct (rather than anemic as in the kidney)? Identify the abscess by drawing a circle around it.
Lung--Bronchopneumonia What is the main differentiation between bronchopneumonia and lobar pneumonia? Where do "broncho"-pneumonias start? Why might this lung be heavier than normal? Why might there be fewer air bubbles when you squeeze it (i.e., loss of "crepitance") Can the terms pneumonia and pneumonitis be used, more or less, interchangeably? Would you call this acute or chronic? Demonstrate why.
Lung--Diffuse interstitial fibrosis Show a thickened "interstitium" next to a more normal thickness interstitium? Is this a non-specific finding in many chronic lung disease states? Name some common things which this might be associated with.
Lung--Early pneumonia Why might this be called the "early" stage of inflammation? Demonstrate at least two reasons why.
Lung--Empyema with organized granulation tissue What is the definition of empyema? Why might the term "organized granulation" tissue be redundant? Why might "empyema" and "granulation" be oxymoronic? Demonstrate fibrin. Demonstrate neutrophils. Demonstrate abundant new ingrowth of blood vessels.
Lung--Sarcoidosis What is a classical profile with somebody with sarcoid? Why do may people, erroneously, regard sarcoidosis as granulomas in which no organisms can be cultured? Demonstrate a classical granuloma. What three types of cells are classically found in granulomas? Show each one.
Lung --Bronchopneumonia with micro-abscesses What is a microabscess defined as? Delineate an alveolus jam packed with neutrophils
Lung --Healed granuloma Why is this called "healed"? If this was active TB years ago, and it is now called "healed", might you still expect to culture acid fast organisms from here? Can the terms fibrosis and scarring be used interchangeably?
Lung --Organizing pneumonia Why is this called "organizing"? What are the common cells and structures seen in organizing inflammation in ANY part of the body? Can the terms organizing inflammation and granulation tissue be used interchangeably?
Lung, pleura --Adhesion Can you separate visceral from parietal pleura in this section, even with a microscope? Can the terms adhesion and fibrosis, more or less, also be used interchangeably? Draw a line delineating the journey from innermost intercostal muscle to the nearest pulmonary alveolus. Does it all look the same under the line?
Lymph node --Sarcoidosis What does the term "caseation" mean? Is it a gross or microscopic descriptive word? What percentage of this lymph node is occupied by granulomas? Why is it commonly said that the granulomas of sarcoid do NOT caseate, as TB often does? Demonstrate a NON-caseating granuloma. Would you expect this to culture or stain positive for acid fast organisms?
Lymph node --Tuberculosis Demonstrate a caseating granuloma. Where is the "caseating" granuloma located with respect to the rest of the granuloma? Could this lymph node stain or culture positive for acid fast bacilli? Does it have to 100% of the time?
Pancreas--Pancreatitis, acute What is the cause of the fat necrosis in the peripancreatic fat of this pancreas? Demonstrate it. Why is the term "saponification" often used with respect to acute pancreatitis? What is the typical profile of a patient with acute pancreatitis? What is the mortality of acute pancreatitis?
Pancreas --Pancreatitis, acute What is causing the extensive necrosis in this slide?
Pituitary--Partial infarct What non-specific type of tissue response is seen in this pituitary secondary to infarction, coagulative necrosis, caseous necrosis, hemorrhagic necrosis, or liquefactive necrosis?
Skin--Lymphocytic infiltrate (possible tick bite) Are lymphocytic infiltrates in various parts of the skin specific for any disease or one of the most NON-specific findings in dermatopathology? If you saw tick body parts in this slide would be be able to diagnose more than "possible" tick bite? If you can find any foreign body granulomas please demonstrate them.
Skin --Furuncle (abscess) What is the definition of a furuncle? Is it different from a carbuncle? Are these abscesses primarily involving the dermis or epidermis? Delineate some dermal abscesses.
Skin --Keloid Name some extremely common areas for keloids to occur. What are they related to most of the time? What is the primary histopathologic process found in keloid formation. Put a box around a 100% fibrotic area and specify if anybody could distinguish this from fibrosis anywhere else in the body?
Skin --Ulcer, amputation stump What is the definition of an ulcer anywhere in the body? Draw a line where the viable appearing epithelium ends and the inflammatory tissue starts.
Small intestine--Crohn disease Which 4 layers of the GI wall are classically involved by Crohn (or more commonly Crohns or Crohn's) disease, one or most? What single small histopathologic structure is almost diagnostic of Crohn disease? Find one. On the basis of the previous question, what is another name for Crohns disease?
Small intestine, duodenum--Peptic ulcer What percentage of the normal thickness of this duodenal wall (4 layers) has been compromised by this ulcer, 10%, 50%, 90%? Draw a line showing the thinnest part. What do you think could happen next? What causes duodenal ulcers? Genus and species, please?
Small intestine, duodenum --Chronic peptic ulcer, penetrating Demonstrate several processes which justify NOT calling this ulcer acute? Draw a line where the mucosa ends.
Soft tissue --Foreign body reaction Foreign body tissue reactions almost always involve which types of cells? What is the derivation of these cells? Point arrows to a bunch of them. Do you think you can often see the actual foreign material inside these cells, especially if the condenser light is polarized?
Stomach--Erosion Draw a line delineating the precise area of epithelial loss. Do you think the term erosion, in this case, can be, more or less, interchangeably, used with the term ulceration?

Adaptation and Accumulations

Adrenal--Atrophy Demonstrate the thickness of the adrenal cortex. Does the general term adrenal atrophy usually refer to the cortex or medulla? Could the term "hypoplasia" apply here as well? Name 2 common causes of cortical atrophy, i.e. cortical hypoplasia. What is the normal thickness (in mm) of an adrenal cortex? What bright color is it grossly? Why? What color is the medulla grossly?
Aorta--Atherosclerosis with fatty streak Encircle the fatty streak. What is its significance? Is a fatty streak the earliest grossly recognizable finding of atherosclerosis? At what age can fatty streaks be identified in most Americans? What color is it grossly? Why? Point out foam cells? What kind of cells are they? Why are they foamy?
Aorta --Atherosclerosis Point out cholesterol clefts, ulceration (of intima), and dystrophic calcification. Is dystrophic calcification usually associated with hypercalcemia? Is the other type of calcification, metastatic calcification, usually associated with hypercalcemia?
Bone--Hyperparathyroidism Name some common causes of hyperparathyroidism. What is the normal weight of a single parathyroid gland? Are most causes of hyperparathyroidism associated with an increase in parathyroid gland weight? Compared to most other bones you have seen, are the "spicules" in this bone specimen "thin"? Why? What pathologic process of bone is at risk in bones with thin spicules?
Bone marrow--Erythroid hyperplasia What is the normal ratio of marrow cells to fat in an average normal adult hematopoetic bone marrow? What is the ratio here? What is the normal ratio of myeloid cells to erythroid cells in an average normal adult hematopoetic bone marrow? What is it here?
Brain --Alzheimer disease Find neurofibrillary plaques and tangles. What are they comprised of? Are they generally regarded as diagnostic findings in Alzheimer disease? What parts of the brain are they commonly found in?
Breast--Hyperplasia of pregnancy What percentage of this breast tissue is glands (vs. "stroma" or connective tissue)? What is a normal percentage for premenopausal, non-pregnant adult women, pregnant women, lactating women, and postmenopausal women? Encircle a lobule. Encircle an alveolus, i.e., acinus.
Breast --Hyperplasia of lactation What is the eosinophilic material distending many acini? Show it. Is this glandular/stromal cross-sectional ratio higher than the previous slide? Why?
Cervix--Atrophy Is this a tissue section or a smear of an epithelial surface? What famous doctor is this smear named after? In most non-atrophic normal Pap smears the predominant cell is a small nucleated abundantly cytoplasmed surface squamous cell (i.e. squame). Are there many here? Why not? Can the ratio between surface squamous cells and basal cells (with much higher nucleus/cytoplasm ratios) correlate with estrogen levels?
Cervix --Squamous metaplasia & carcinoma-in-situ Encircle an area of squamous metaplasia. Encircle an area of squamous cell carcinoma-in-situ. What is the difference? Does metaplasia usually precede squamous cancer? Does most metaplasia develop into cancer?
Coronary arteries--Atherosclerosis Find cholesterol clefts. Delineate the thickness of the plaque. What is a plaque? What kinds of things is it commonly composed of? What percentage of the lumen is narrowed, i.e., "compromised"?
Coronary artery--Atherosclerosis- recanalization What is recanalization? Demonstrate it. What percentage of the lumen is compromised in this slide?
Endometrium --Hyperplasia What is hyperplasia defined as anywhere in the body? Are almost all the glands here at least separated from other glands by at least a small amount of connective tissue, i.e., "stroma"? Most hyperplasias are associated with increased levels of which hormone?
Endometrium --Senile atrophy What is the normal thickness of the endometrium, in mm. during an endometrial monthly cycle? What is an average thickness of an endometrium in atrophy, in mm.? Are actual endometrial glands sparse here? Find some. Endometrial atrophy is associated with withdrawal of which hormone?
Esophagus--Barrett esophagus Should all esophageal mucosa, ideally, be squamous? What do you call it when it is replaced by glandular, i.e., gastric or intestinal, type of mucosa? A long standing Barrett esophagus presents a statistical increased risk for what disease? Demonstrate both squamous and gastric type mucosa on this slide. Is Barrett esophagus related to gastric reflux?
Esophagus --Barrett esophagus Define "intestinalization" of esophageal mucosa. Show it on this slide. What is, by far, the most common cause of a Barrett esophagus?
Gallbladder--Cholesterolosis Show the cholesterolosis areas? Which part of the gallbladder wall is it found in. What is it highly associated with? What kind of calculi are found, very often, with cholesterolosis, yellow or green? Why? What color is cholesterolosis streaking? What kinds of cells comprise it? What are the filled with? Why are they foamy?
Interphalangeal joint of toe --Gout What is a tophus? What kinds of cells and tissues comprise it? Point out the foreign body type giant cells. Encircle a tophus. Why is formalin fixation not ideal for tophus specimens?
Kidney--Nephrocalcinosis Does metastatic calcification mean metastatic disease is present? How does it differ from dystrophic calcification? Demonstrate some calcified areas within tubules?
Kidney, arteries--Arterio- and arteriolo-sclerosis What is the difference between arterial sclerosis and arteriolar sclerosis? Are they related to atherosclerosis? Are they part of atherosclerosis? Point out an example of each.
Liver--Alcoholic liver disease Can the terms "alcoholic hyaline" and "Mallory body" be used interchangeably? What is it? Find some. How does it differ from a "Councilman body"? Is fat a major finding of alcoholic hepatitis? Is it commonly found in viral hepatitis?
Liver--Cholestasis What is the definition of cholestasis? Find some bile "lakes" here. What is a bile lake? What are common causes of cholestasis? What is the common denominator for all cholestasis?
Liver--Fatty change What is MICRO-vesicular fat? How does it differ from MACRO-vesicular? Which one is more advanced? Point out a microvesicle.
Liver --Fatty change What are the two most common causes of fatty liver, by far? Is fatty change, fatty metamorphosis, and steatosis, all terms for the same thing? What color might this liver be grossly? Why? Might it look greasy on cut sections?
Liver--Hemochromatosis Differentiate hemosiderosis from hemochromatosis. Which is worse? Name three common substances that stain golden brown by routine stains? How do you prove it might be hemosiderin? What stain might you order? Should hemosiderin be in hepatocytes normally? Kupffer cells normally?
Liver -- Fatty change What percentage of this liver's weight might you guess would be fat? Is the overall portal "architecture" still preserved? Is there inflammation? Is there neoplasm?
Liver, lymph node --Hemochromatosis-hemosiderosis What stain might you suggest to prove that the golden brown intracellular pigment is hemosiderin and not bile or melanin? Find some. Can severe iron deposition cause portal fibrosis and regenerating nodules? What is another name for a liver filled with regenerating nodules separated by fibrosis?
Lung, kidney --Metastatic calcification Identify the calcifications. Where are they? What would you expect the patient's serum calcium level to me in metastatic calcification?
Lymph node--Anthracosis, tuberculosis How is anthracotic pigment different from hemosiderin, bile, or melanin? Find some. Find some granulomas. Find the "caseous" necrosis? Is "caseous" a gross or microscopic term? Find the multinucleated giant cells with respect to the granulomas of tuberculosis. Are these also called "Langhans" giant cells? What stain would you order to identify acid fast bacilli in these granulomas? What culture medium would you use for granulomas?
Lymph node --Anthracosis Find the anthracosis particles. Where does this pigment come from? In which lymph nodes is it more common? What percentage of people on earth have some anthracosis in their lymph nodes? (closest answer): 0, 50, 100 In what percentage of anthracotic lymph nodes is lymph node function impaired? (closest answer) 0, 50, 100 Is it related more to environmental exposure or cigarette smoking? (trick question)
Lymph node --Follicular hyperplasia Is "follicular hyperplasia" one of the two main patterns of lymph nodes reacting to benign inflammatory conditions? What is the other pattern called? Describe the size, number, and location of these follicles compared to classically normal lymph nodes? Is the overall "normal architecture" of the lymph node preserved? Does follicular hyperplasia become malignant? Encircle a follicle. Is it a primary or a secondary follicle? Why? Is the term "follicle" interchangeable with the term "nodule"?
Mouth--Reactive hyperkeratosis What is the definition of the word hyperkeratosis? How is it different from acanthosis? Is hyperkeratosis benign? What causes it? Is it premalignant? Is it malignant? Delineate the thickness of the mucosal layer? How thick should it be normally?
Pancreas--Hyalinized islets What does the term hyalinization mean? Demonstrate hyalinized islets. Why might they be hyalinized? What common clinical disease might this patient have?
Pancreas --Fatty infiltration What percentage of the cross sectional area of this pancreas is fat? What should it normally be? Delineate some purely fatty areas. Do you think this might be associated with an increase of fat in other areas of the body also?
Parathyroid--Tertiary hyperparathyroidism Differentiate primary from secondary from tertiary hyperparathyroidism conceptually. Find chief cells. Find oxyphilic cells. What is the normal weight of a parathyroid in milligrams? Would almost all of the conditions causing any type of hyperparathyroidism be associated with an increase in parathyroid weight? Why?
Skeletal muscle--Atrophy Can skeletal muscle cells (fibers) live or function without being innervated? What kind of cells or substances replace normal skeletal muscle tissue in atrophy? Demonstrate some of these calls or substances.
Skeletal muscle, spinal cord --Poliomyelitis Where is the motor deficit lesion in poliomyelitis? Would the muscles involved show a denervation atrophy type of pattern? Find some diseased muscle and describe how it differs from normal muscle?
Skin--Lichen sclerosis et atrophicus What does lichen sclerosus et atrophicus look like grossly? Find the "sclerosus" part. Identify the "atrophic(us)" part. Is this malignant or premalignant?
Skin --Lentigo What is the definition of lentigo? What is another term for lentigo? Is it a specific disease? What is a macule? Papule? Are these malignant? Can some become malignant? When/if they do, what would the malignant transformation be more appropriately termed? Show and describe the arrangements of melanocytic cells compared to normal skin.
Skin --Xanthoma Encircle some xanthoma cells? What is the color of these lesions grossly? What does xanthos mean in Greek? Are xanthomas frequently associated with serum lipid disorders? What kind of cells are xanthoma cells? What are they filled with?
Soft tissue --Myositis ossificans Find the normal appearing mature bone. Why might bone develop as part of an end stage non-specific inflammatory process? Which prefix preceding -plasia best describes this general concept? Hyper-, hypo-, dys-, meta-, ana-, or neo-? Why is myositis ossificans a classic example of the definition of one of these 5 possible terms?
Spleen --Gaucher disease What is Gaucher's disease? What are Gaucher's cells? What are the filled with? Which organs are commonly involved? Is it cancer? What is the etiology of Gaucher's disease? Find some Gaucher's cells.
Testis --Atrophy Can you see any viable sperm producing cell precursors? Can you see any mature spermatozoa? Which cells of the testis are increased in this condition? Find them. Also find "hyalinized" tubules and explain why they are hyalinzed.
Thyroid--Colloid goiter What is the simple definition of a goiter? What is the differentiation between a toxic and non-toxic goiter? Are there any enlarged follicles here? Show one. What is another name for a toxic diffuse goiter?
Thyroid--Graves Disease What is another name for Graves disease? Is the thyroid smaller than usual? Is it nodular? Is the serum T4 usually normal? Do the follicles in this case seem smaller than normal? Why? Find some follicles. Do you think the colloid might be turning over faster? If you could order only one single lab test to confirm this diagnosis what would it be? Name three ways Graves disease is treated.
Uterus--Decidual reaction What is the definition of decidua? What normal cells of the endometrium is it derived from? Can you see it normally in the last few days of a menstrual cycle. What main hormone nurtures decidua? Draw a box or circle over a sheet of decidual cells. An increased amount of decidua signifies an increased amount of which hormone?

Hemodynamic Disorders

Anus --Hemorrhoids What is the definition of a hemorrhoid? Encircle several hemorrhoids. Encircle any which may be thrombosed. Is the overlying mucosa squamous or columnar? Is this more likely to be proximal or distal to the pectineal line? Is it more likely to be an external or internal hemorrhoid?
Artery --Thrombus, Atherosclerotic plaque Delineate the area of recent thrombosis from the chronic atherosclerotic plaque area. Are BOTH usually present in an acute MI?
Brain --Hemorrhage Is this infarct more like due to thrombosis or vascular rupture? Demonstrate an acute hemorrhage area.
Colon --Hemorrhagic infarct Why might this be called a red (rather then white) infarct? Which GI wall layers show pathologic changes? Show ulceration, peritonitis, and inflammatory cell infiltrates into the muscularis also.
Esophagus --Ruptured varices What is a varix? What is the plural of varix? What are these the result of? Can a patient bleed to death in minutes from this? Encircle some varices? Do any appear thrombosed? Have some shown mucosal rupture? How close is one to an esophageal lumen? (in microns)
Heart --Mural thrombus, infarct Define mural thrombus. Demonstrate this one. What is its main component? Demonstrate fibrin. Can these embolize commonly? Define embolization. What are the lines of Zahn?
Kidney--Disseminated intravascular coagulation, microthrombi, microinfarcts Why are some infarcts called "micro"-infarcts? What is the single best lab test to support the diagnosis of DIC? What is the mortality? Find some fibrin microthrombi. Find some microinfarcts, if confident.
Kidney --Atheroemboli Find an atheroembolism. Where might this have come from?
Kidney --Septic infarct Why is the infarcted area "paler" (whiter) than normal, grossly, and microscopically? Delineate it?
Kidney, Liver, Heart--Kidney: infarct, congestion, Liver: infarct, congestion, metastatic pancreatic carcinoma, Heart: myocardial infarct, mural thrombus, fibrinous pericarditis Delineate the area of infarction. Show coagulative necrosis. Show hyperemia, i.e., congestion.
Liver--Cardiac cirrhosis What 2 features enable the diagnosis of any type of cirrhosis? Are they present here. Describe them in words. Why is this called "cardiac" cirrhosis?
Liver --Chronic passive congestion with hemorrhagic centrilobular necrosis Which part of the hepatic "lobule" is congested, the portal end, the middle, or the center of the lobule? Why? Would this be more consistent with a left or a right heart failure? Attach a googled picture of the cut surface of a nutmeg.
Lung and liver--Congestion and hemorrhage Demonstrate congested (i.e., hyperemic) areas? Why is this called "passive" congestion?
Lung --Acute pulmonary edema, Asbestos bodies Find an asbestos body inside a multinucleated giant cell. What color is it? What is it shaped like? Would this stain positive using the Prussian blue iron stain? Might that be the reason that it is also called a ferruginous body? Can acute pulmonary edema be thought of as extreme passive congestion? Show some alveoli filled with fluid.
Lung --Chronic pulmonary congestion What is a heart failure cell? Why is it called that? Find some? What is it filled with? Is this acute or chronic congestion? Why?
Lung --Recent infarct Why are true lung infarcts rather uncommon even with completely occluded pulmonary arteries? Are most recent lung infarcts hemorrhagic (red) rather than pale (white, or anemic)? Why? Does a portion of lung supplied by a pulmonary artery still ventilate when the artery is occluded? Does it still ventilate when there is infarction?
Lung --Thromboembolus (also commonly called thromboembolism) Find it. Does a clot in a pulmonary artery usually come from somewhere else? Does a portion of a lung with a pulmonary embolism still ventilate, although it does not perfuse? What is a V/Q mismatch?
Lung --Tumor emboli Find some. Which 2 organs are the most common sites of distant metastases from any malignancy? Which is the most common? If any tumor can be seen invading a vein, which organ is likely involved with metastases?
Nose --Nasal polyp What is a definition of a "polyp" in any area? It is a true neoplasm? Which part of the nose do nasal polyps occur in? (trick question) Would you expect this to look very watery grossly?
Popliteal vein--Thrombosis Are the terms thrombophlebitis and phlebothrombosis often used interchangeably? What percentage of this looks like it's made of fibrin?
Prostate, blood vessels--Organizing thrombi Find thrombi. Are the arterial or venous? What is the periprostatic venous plexus?
Skin --Dry gangrene What is the difference in gross appearance, microscopic appearance, and time sequence of wet and dry gangrene? Which one is acute? Find ulceration. Find coagulation necrosis, find a thrombus. Is gangrene usually from arterial or venous thrombi?
Small intestine --Edema Define edema in terms of water transfer between water compartmental spaces. Name some common causes of localized and systemic edema? Which of the 4 GI tract layers does water appear to be the most abundant in? Delineate this layer.
Spleen --Acute infarct Why is this called a white, or pale, or anemic infarct, rather than red or hemorrhagic?

Immunologic Disorders

Adrenal gland--Primary chronic adrenal insufficiency How does this adrenal cortex differ from normal? Can you discern the three patterns of cortical differentiation--- glomerulosa, fasciculata, reticularis? Is this cortex "thinner" than normal? What is the normal thickness of the bright yellow adrenal cortex? Draw some lines separating cortex from medulla? Show infiltrates of chronic inflammatory cells? Do the terms adrenal insuffiency and adrenal atrophy generally apply to the cortex or medulla?
Adrenal gland --Amyloidosis What is "hyaline" material microscopically? Give some example. Is amyloid a type of hyaline? Find some. What stain and microscopy technique is diagnostic for amyloid, usually? What is amyloid chemically? Is is a starchy carbohydrate? Find "fibrinoid" necrosis.
Adrenal gland --Polyarteritis Find some involved arteries. Which of the three vascular layers is involved, intima, media, adventitia, or all? Why is this called "fibrinoid"? Is a fibrinoid necrotic area a type of hyaline too?
Brain, cerebellum--Sarcoidosis Why is this cerebellum? Find some granulomas. Non-caseating granulomas which stain NEGATIVE for TB and fungi, are often diagnosed as sarcoid, aren't they?
Heart--Rheumatic fever How is this different from a normal myocardium? What and where is the pattern of inflammation? Find some giant cells? Find some granulomas. Who are they named after? Who was Karl Albert Ludwig Aschoff?
Heart--Subacute rheumatic endocarditis In which of the three layers of the heart wall is the primary inflammatory focus here? endo- myo- or peri- cardium? Describe the inflammation pattern in your own words. Encircle an area? Which of the three layers does rheumatic fever often involve, endo, myo, peri, or all?
Heart --Amyloidosis Encircle some amyloid? Now which special stain are you going to order to prove this hyaline area is amyloid? What special microscopic technique will you use as well? Which 2 diseases (one benign, one malignant) greatly predispose to amyloid. General buildup of amyloid usually threatens which vital organ first?
Joint--Rheumatoid arthritis Which part of the classic synovial joint is the most intensely involved in RA?---Bone, hyaline articular cartilage, ligament, tendon, or synovium? Demonstrate it and describe the pattern of inflammation in your own words.
Kidney--Acute transplant rejection What are the three classic patterns of transplant rejection, with respect to time after transplant? Which histopathologic pattern is present here. Show it, and verbalize it.
Kidney--Membranous glomerulonephritis In which part of the glomerulus are the abnormal deposits of membranous glomerulonephritis? Are there much better seen on electron microscopy rather than routine light microscopy? Why? Do they look like lumps and bumps, or spikes?
Kidney--Microscopic polyarteritis Encircle an involved blood vessel. What kind of blood vessel is it? Described the abnormality in plain English.
Kidney --Amyloidosis Find a hyalinized area in a blood vessel. Find one in a blood vessel. How would you prove this is amyloid? How does it differ from an atherosclerotic plaque? How does it differ from a thrombus?
Kidney --Chronic transplant rejection What are the three classic patterns of transplant rejection, with respect to time after transplant? Which histopathologic pattern is present here. Show it, and verbalize it.
Kidney --Systemic lupus erythematosus Can you agree that the glomerular basement membrane area is thickened, compared to a normal glomerulus? Find a "wire loop" Are there many different kinds of renal pathologies with lupus, or is this the only specific finding in lupus? Which single lab test would you order to prove this is lupus?
Liver--Primary biliary cirrhosis What two histopathologic features seen here prove this is cirrhosis? In which part of the hepatic lobule are the early inflammatory and fibrotic changes the most severe in primary biliary cirrhosis? Portal area or centrilobular area?
Liver --Amyloidosis Name at least three other things which appear "hyaline" on microscopy, i.e., eosinophilic, glassy, and amorphous, besides amyloid?
Lung--Asthma Describe, in words, some major ways bronchioles in asthma differ from normal bronchioles. Show some.
Lung --Wegener granulomatosis Find necrosis. Find vasculitis. Find granulomas. Find multinucleated giant cells. What is the mortality of this disease? High?
Lung, lymph node --Asthma Find necrosis, find mucous plugs, find smooth muscle hypertrophy, find eosinophil infiltrates. Which 2 common disease states are associated with a peripheral eosinophilia?
Skin--Leukocytoclastic vasculitis Define the word leukocytoclasis. Show an example from this slide.
Skin--Rheumatoid nodule Can this be regarded as a granuloma also? Find necrosis and histiocytes. Are these often seen in RA? Are they very often not associated with joints at all? If you see one, does that mean the patient must have rheumatoid arthritis?
Skin, kidney --Systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) Find atrophy (epidermis) and fibrosis (dermis) of skin. Find thickening in the intima of the kidney.
Small intestine--Celiac sprue Why doesn't the mucosa have fingerlike villi like it should have in the small bowel? Are there increased cells in the lamina propria? What kind?
Small intestine--Rheumatoid vasculitis Find (encircle) a large artery with "vasculitis". Describe it in your own words.
Spleen --Amyloidosis What percentage of this spleen consists of amyloid? What is a sago spleen? Did amyloid get its name because it originally was noticed to have the staining properties of "starch"? Is amyloid starch?
Stomach--Atrophic gastritis Find some chronic gastritis. Why is this also called atrophic? Is there mucosal atrophy? What common gastric mucosal products are decreased in this disease?
Stomach--Chronic gastritis Why would an inflammation of the stomach cause an anemia with large RBC's, i.e., macrocytes? Find a chronically inflamed area? What are 90% of the cells?
Temporal artery --Temporal arteritis What is another name for "temporal" arteritis? What is the proper name of this artery? Superficial or deep temporal? Is it easy to biopsy because of its size, location, and abundant collaterals? Find some giant cells. Do you think this patient's erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) might have been very elevated?
Thyroid--Graves disease Show "scalloping" at the periphery of the colloid. Is this regarded as fairly diagnostic of hyperthyroidism? What are the three classic findings of Graves disease?
Thyroid--Hashimoto thyroiditis Find several secondary lymphoid follicles (i.e., lymphoid nodules). Is the presence of many secondary lymphoid follicles in the thyroid fairly diagnostic of Hashimoto thyroiditis? Is Hashimoto thyroiditis a leading cause of acquired hypothyroidism? Are women more likely to get any type of thyroid disease, than men?

Growth Disturbances and Neoplasia

Abdomen--Desmoid tumor Is this malignant? Demonstrate the entrapping of skeletal muscle fibers by fibrous tissue. Do you thing this could sometimes be mistakenly diagnosed as malignant, even by experts? Can it develop into a malignancy? If it did, would it be a carcinoma or sarcoma?
Adrenal--Adrenocortical carcinoma Find some malignant appearing cells, using the usual nuclear characteristics of malignancy, e.g., pleomorphism, hyperchromasia, enlargement, etc. Describe the tumor cells in plain words rather than those huge esoteric words I just mentioned. Are adrenocortical carcinomas rare? Is it even rarer when they are "functional"? What does a functional endocrine tumor mean? Is a benign tumor more likely to be functional? Why? How do you know this might soon be ready to invade the kidney?
Adrenal--Cortical adenoma Are these tumors common? What bright color are these grossly? What is the difference between a functional and non-functional endocrine tumor? Could they be either?
Adrenal--Neuroblastoma Find a "rosette"? Is a neuroblastoma always used as a classical tumor to show rosettes? Are neuroblastomas malignant? Is this one of the commonest pediatric solid tumors? What is THE commonest?
Adrenal--Nodular hyperplasia Find a nodule. Could this be "functional"? Can you tell it is functional just from the histology or would you need to measure hormone levels? What is another way you could tell it is functional without doing any special tests? (Hint: Look at the patient) Do the tumor cells look quite a bit like "normal" adrenocortical cells? Is it a general principle, that if 2 cells look identical they may also behave identical?
Adrenal--Pheochromocytoma Why are these often called the most malignant looking benign tumors in pathology? Does the cortex look normal? Could this produce a curable type of hypertension? What is the diagnostic lab/physiologic test to prove this tumor exists?
Bladder--Urothelial carcinoma (transitional cell carcinoma) in-situ Find an area of CIS. Is it associated with considerable underlying inflammation? Does inflammation cause cancer?
Bladder --Urothelial carcinoma Grade I Why is this called Grade I? Does it invade the smooth muscle of the bladder wall?
Bladder --Urothelial carcinoma Grade III Why is this classified as Grade III? Is a higher grade more likely to look worse and behave worse? Show bladder wall (i.e., smooth muscle) invasion. Can the words invasion and infiltration be used interchangeably?
Blood--Chronic lymphocytic leukemia What does a sustained peripheral smear lymphocyte count have to be in an adult over 50 to warrant the diagnosis of CLL? Do you need a bone marrow puncture to make this diagnosis? Are these calls blasts or normal looking lymphocytes?
Blood --Acute leukemia Find an absolutely indisputable blast cell, and describe. in words, why it is a blast. Does the correct identification of ANY TRUE blast cell in a peripheral smear present suspicion for a leukemia?
Blood --Chronic myelogenous leukemia Which of the three cell lines are classically elevated in this disease, RBC, WBC, platelets, or all? What percentage of the myeloid series cells in this smear do you estimate to be blasts? Can this turn into acute leukemia? Which chromosome is classically abnormal in this disease? Which large U.S. city is it named after?
Bone--Chondroma Does a chondroma look like rather normal cartilage histologically? Is this benign? If it wasn't benign, might it still look like normal cartilage? Demonstrate lacunar "crowding". How many condrocytes should normally live in a single lacuna?
Bone--Fibrous dysplasia Does the "fibrous" or the interspicular component of this tissue appear "overgrown"? Do the spicules, conversely, look thinner than usual? Show, i.e., dileanate a fibrous area between spicules? Is this "dysplastic" in that it appears premalignant?
Bone--Multiple myeloma Find sheets of mostly normal looking plasma cells. Should a normal marrow ever have "sheets" of plasma cells? What is the normal acceptable percantage of marrow plasma cells? What is a monoclonal gammopathy? Might this patient have one?
Bone--Osteoid osteoma What is the "nidus" of an osteoid osteoma? Encircle it. Describe it in words.
Bone--Osteosarcoma Like any sarcoma, what organ is this tumor most likely to metastasize to first? Why, anatomically speaking?
Bone-- Osteosarcoma What is meant by the "bimodal" age distribution of osteogenic sarcoma? Does tumor have more necrosis than the previous one? Find it.
Bone marrow--adenocarcinoma, metastatic What is a signet ring cell? Could it be mistaken for a plasma cell? Does it represent a poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma cell? Attach a googled picture of a real signet ring, like the kind you might wear on your finger.
Bone Marrow--Chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis Demonstrate the fibrosis of myelofibrosis? Should a normal adult marrow have fibrosis? Is myelofibrosis associated with hematopoesis in other organs which do not normally make marrow? Which 2 organs usually? What is this phenomenon called? Is the spleen the most common site of extramedullary hematopoeisis?
Bone marrow --Follicular lymphoma What percentage of the cells in the bone marrow are lymphocytes? What is an acceptable normal percentage? Find some sheets of lymphocytes?
Bone, vertebra--Adenocarcinoma, metastatic Should true epithelial glands EVER be inside a bone marrow normally? If you ever see any gland within a bone or marrow, what is the chances it is metastatic adenocarcinoma rather than anything else?
Brain--Astrocytoma What percentage of CNS tumors are tumors of glial cells rather than tumors of true neurons? Can you find any true neurons in this tumor?
Brain--Glioblastoma multiforme What MAJOR pathologic finding has to be present in an astrocytoma before you can call it a glioblastoma multiforme (GBM)? Find it. What are two other common things which enable the diagnosis? Is this tumor also more pleomorphic than the previous? Is it also more vascular? What is the 1 year survival of an untreated GBM?
Brain-- Glioblastoma multiforme What MAJOR pathologic finding has to be present in an astrocytoma before you can call it a glioblastoma multiforme (GBM)? Find it. What are two other common things which enable the diagnosis? Is this tumor also more pleomorphic than the previous? Is it also more vascular? What is the 1 year survival of an untreated GBM? Why might this tumor have less CT density centrally?
Brain--Meningioma Find a few of the numerous "psammoma" bodies. Are psammoma bodies fairly diagnostic of meningiomas? Are most meningiomas "benign"?, i.e., do not metastasize?
Brain--Oligodendroglioma Show some cells which look like normal oligodendral cells? It is easy to figure out why these are called oligodendrogliomas?
Brain, cerebellum --Medulloblastoma What part of the cerebellum do these arise in, left lobe, right lobe, or vermis? What age group do they arise in? Is a midline cerebellar tumor on CT in an infant a medulloblastoma until proven otherwise?
Brainstem--Glioma Is a "glioma" a generic term for any brain tumor derived from any type of glial cell? Name 5 types of glial cells?
Breast--Colloid carcinoma Find the "colloid"? Is this also called a mucinous carcinoma? Is the tumor a somewhat better prognosis than most other types of breast ductal carcinomas?
Breast--Ductal carcinoma in situ Encircle an area of DCIS. Is "necrosis" a crucially important finding to enable the diagnosis of DCIS (versus hyperplasia)?
Breast--Fibroadenoma Is this, by far, the most common well defined solid tumor in the breast of young women? Which is the more proliferated part of the tumor, the glandular (epithelial) or stromal (connective tissue) part of the tumor? Are these more likely to be classified as stromal rather epithelial tumors? Do they become cancer? Do they fibrose and calcify with age?
Breast --Fibroadenoma What percentage of this tumor is stromal rather than epithelial?
Breast--Gynecomastia Is there differentiation into acini? Why not? Name 2 common drugs which this is associated with.
Breast--Intraductal papilloma Does this papilloma invade into the duct wall or show necrosis? Why not? Find some papillary projections.
Breast--Lobular carcinoma Find an "Indian file"? Is LCIS also present?
Breast--Lobular carcinoma in situ Does the finding of LCIS usually mandate a mastectomy? Find a lobule jam packed with monotonous looking cells, i.e., they all look the same.
Breast--Medullary carcinoma What percentage of this tumor is benign lymphocytes? Find some malignant glands. Is this type of ductal carcinoma also a somewhat better-than-average prognosis?
Breast--Paget disease Find the "pagetoid" cells. In what percentage of these cases is there also an underlying infiltrating malignancy?
Breast --Ductal carcinoma Are almost all breast carcinomas also called "ductal" carcinomas? Why? Are almost all breast carcinomas also called "adeno" carcinomas? Why? Is this ductal carcinoms "invasive" or "in-situ" (i.e., DCIS)?
Breast --Fibroadenoma Do fobroadenomas usually have the consistency of a superball? Is there any calcification in this one? Might there be calcification if they took it out 30 years later?
Breast --Lobular carcinoma in situ Find (encircle) a lobule with LCIS? Describe it in words.
Breast, soft tissue--Hemangioma Can hemangiomas originate in any tissues or organs which have blood vessels? Can they thrombose? Find a thrombosed area?
Cervix--High grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL), Pap smear Do "suspicious" cells often have enlargement, and increased N:C ratios and hyperchromasia and pleomorphism? Find some.
Cervix-- High grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL), Pap smear Does HSIL represent either severe dysplasia or malignancy usually? Find some "suspicious" cells.
Cervix -- High grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL), Pap smear Find some "suspicious" cells.
Cervix--HSIL Find some "suspicious" cells.
Cervix--Low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL), AutoCyte Find some "mildly" suspicious cells, i.e., less enlargement, less hyperchromasia, less pleomorphism, and lower N:C ratio than the HSIL.
Cervix--Low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL), Pap smear Find some "mildly" suspicious cells, i.e., less enlargement, less hyperchromasia, less pleomorphism, and lower N:C ratio than the HSIL. Has PAP screening cured, for all practical purposes, cervical cancer in this country?
Cervix --Low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL), Pap smear Find some "mildly" suspicious cells.
Cervix--Squamous cell carcinoma Find a nest of malignant invasive squamous cells. What is it invading?
Cervix-- Squamous cell carcinoma Can infiltrating SCC be confused with squamous metaplasia? What is the difference?
Cervix--Squamous metaplasia & carcinoma-in-situ Can tumor cells replace metaplastic cells within an endocervical gland? Find the CIS. Is CIS also called CIN-III? Is CIN-III also called severe dysplasia? Find an area of "early" or "microscopic" invasion. Is this better prognosis than an area of "advanced" or "extensive" invasion?
Cervix --Carcinoma-in-situ and early invasive carcinoma Find the area of early invasion.
Cervix -- High grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL), Pap smear Find some suspicious cells.
Cervix --Low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL), AutoCyte Find some mildly suspicious cells.
Cervix --Severe dysplasia, CIN III Find some severely suspicious cells? Can the terms "severe dysplasia" and "CIN-III" be pretty much used interchangeably?
Cervix --Squamous cell carcinoma Is this infiltrative? Is this infiltrating? Is this invasive? Do all these questions mean the same?
Colon--Adenocarcinoma Encircle the malignant mucosa on the left. Encircle the benign mucosa on the right.
Colon--Burkitt lymphoma Do 100% of all lymphomas have "effacement" of the normal nodal architecture? Does the "normal nodal architecture" consist of follicles under the cortical subcapsular sinus and medullary sinuses in the medullary area? Please elaborate this crucially important concept? Is the phrase "malignant lymphoma" redundant? Why?
Colon--Hyperplastic polyp Do hyperplastic polyps turn into cancer? Find some "serrated" mucosal glands/
Colon--Juvenile polyp What is the definition of a hamartoma? Is a juvenile polyp a classic example of a hamartoma? Why?
Colon--Tubular adenoma Are the terms "adenomatous polyp" and "tubular adenoma", more or less, synonymous? Can these turn into cancer? Find the "stalk".
Colon--Tubular adenoma (adenomatous polyp) Are there any areas in which the glands are "back to back", i.e., no connective tissue separating glands? Why would it be hard to find this phenomenon here? Is this tumor benign? Find the beautiful fibrovascular "stalk". Does it have tumor in it? Why not?
Colon--Ulcerative colitis, carcinoma, atypia Do many ulcerative colitis cases eventually develop into carcinoma? What is the process called between normal mucosa and downright cancer called? What is the definition of dysplasia? Does dysplasia often take many years? Find a gland with "atypia"? Is atypia synonymous with "dysplasia" from a histologic point of view?
Colon--Villous adenoma What percentage of villous adenomas eventually develop into cancer? What percentage of tubular adenomas eventually develop into cancer? Find "villous" (i.e. papillary or fingerlike" structures. Is the villous pattern of growth more worrisome than the tubular pattern of growth?
Colon --Adenocarcinoma Find some malignant glands invading the muscularis layer.
Colon --Adenomatous polyp (tubular adenoma) with a focus of carcinoma Encircle the part of the polyp that has turned into cancer. Describe, in words, how it differs from the benign part.
Colon --Tubular adenoma (adenomatous polyp) Is the fibrous stalk nice and clear of tumor glands. If the stalk DID have glands in it, would it help you to decide between malignancy and benignancy?
Diaphragm--Metastatic liposarcoma What organ do all sarcomas metastasize to first? Why? Should a diaphragm be 100% skeletal muscle and/or dense fibrous connective tissue? Is this one normal? Why/Why not?
Endometrium--Endometrial polyp What causes benign endometrial polyps? Is the underlying myometrium invaded? Draw a nice line delineating myometrium from endometrium.
Esophagus--Adenocarcinoma Is "adenocarcinoma" the second most common type of esophageal carcinoma? What is #1? Find some malignant glands invading smooth muscle.
Esophagus--Squamous cell carcinoma Find some invasive SCC. Find some in-situ SCC.
Esophagus, liver--Squamous cell carcinoma with metastases Find metastatic nests within lung spaces? Are these spaces lymphatics, veins, arteries, or alveoli?
Extrahepatic bile ducts, common bile duct--Adenocarcinoma, moderately differentiated Name 4 different extrahepatic bile ducts. Find the cancer (i.e., adenocarcinoma). Does it look "papillary" as well?
Eye --Retinoblastoma Do the central portions of these dark tumor cell nests contain blood vessels? Do the parts NOT fed by blood vessels look "necrotic"? Why? What happens to a tumor that is growing so fast that it outgrows its own blood supply?
Heart, pericardium--Metastatic breast carcinoma Find a tumor nest in pericardium. Should pericardium normally have true epithelial glands? What primary tumor most often metastasizes to pericardium? Why?
Kidney--Renal cell carcinoma Delineate the tumor. Delineate the normal kidney. Why is renal cell carcinoma often called clear cell carcinoma? Do the tumor nuclei look rather benign appearing? Is renal cell carcinoma more likely to metastasize to lymphatics first or veins?
Kidney-- Renal cell carcinoma What percentage of this tumor is composed of blood vessels? Would you expect this to light up like a light bulb on angiography?
Kidney--Renal cell carcinoma (hypernephroma) Is hypernephroma genarally synonymous with renal cell carcinoma? Do the typical tumor cells have a central small well defined nucleus and foamy (i.e., "clear") cytoplasm? Why are these also called clear cell carcinomas? Verify clear cells by showing some. Does the foamy clear cytoplasm contain glycogen? Can you find any tumor cells in veins?
Kidney--Transitional cell carcinoma Can you find any tumor cells in veins here? Why not? Which part of the kidney gives rise to TCC, cortex, medulla, or pelvis? Does the tumor look papillary? Show some papilla.
Kidney--Wilms tumor Is this the most common pediatric solid malignant tumor? What is it's survival in 2006? What was it in 1956? Because this is a kidney tumor, do you thing it might be trying to form some primitive glomeruloid structures? Find some.
Liver--Acute myeloid leukemia Find blasts in the liver. Are they portal or centrilobular? Could these be ANY type of hematopoetic blast cell?
Liver--Cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma Do hepatomas often, or usually, develop in a background of cirrhosis? Can a "nodule" of cirrhosis often be indistinguishable from a tumor nodule of hepatoma, even by an expert? Find the cirrhosis area. Find the hepatoma. Describe the difference in plain English.
Liver--Colangiocarcinoma, moderately well differentated What are the only glandular structures normally found in a liver? So a primary adenocarcinoma of the liver would have to be derived from the _______? Find some cholagiocarcinoma glands. What percentage of adenocarcinomas occupying the liver are primary to the liver rather than metastatic?
Liver--Hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis of the liver Find the tumor area on top. Find the cirrhosis area on the bottom. In your own words, how would you describe the difference?
Liver--Metastatic adenocarcinoma of stomach Can we tell if this metastatic tumor originated in the stomach just by the microscopic appearance? Find some metastatic nests of tumor cells?
Lung--Adenocarcinoma Are adenocarcinomas of the lung generally located more peripheral than the squamous cell carcinomas? Why? Find some malignant glands.
Lung--Bronchial carcinoid Are carcinoid cells neuroendocrine cells? Where are neuroendocrine cells derived from embryologically? Are "oat" cells also neuroendocrine cells? What is an "oat" cell? Is oat cell carcinoma the worst type of lung cancer? What is another name for oat cell carcinoma? What % of this slide is tumor? Delineate tumor from normal bronchial wall.
Lung--Bronchiolo-alveolar carcinoma Encircle the tumor. Is this type of primary adenocarcinoma of the lung much slower growing than other types?
Lung--Hamartoma Define hamartoma in general. Are most primary lung hamartomas chiefly cartilage?
Lung--Metastatic adenocarcinoma Encircle the met. Are most adenocarcinoma foci in the lung guessing games as to where they came from, without knowing a patient's history?
Lung--Metastatic leiomyosarcoma What percentage of this slide is tumor? How might this present clinically? If this patient was female, where would be the most likely source? How many uterine leiomyomas turn into sarcomas? What is the usual first symptom in a patient with a metastatic sarcoma?
Lung--Small cell carcinoma What is the old name for this cancer? Are the nuclei, small, fragile, and appear often necrotic with minimal cytoplasm? Show some. Use your own words to describe it as well. Is this the only type of primary lung cancer which has the best response to chemotherapy, even though, without treatment, it has the worst prognosis? How important is it then to distinguish "small cell" from "NON small cell" carcinoma on a small needle biopsy?
Lung (view 1), bone (view 2),liver (view 3) --Small cell carcinoma with metastases Find some small cell carcinoma nests.
Lung --Squamous cell carcinoma In what part of the lung does SqCC start. Could it be preceded, usually, for many years by squamous dysplasia in a bronchus? Show some SqCC invading bronchus?
Lung, bronchus--Carcinoma in situ If these malignant cells actually invaded through bronchial wall, would you still call it CIS? Find some CIS?
Lung, esophagus--Squamous cell carcinoma with metastasis Which side of the bronchial cartilage is the tumor, above, below, or both?
Lung, lymph node --Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma with metastasis to lymph node What % of the lymph node on the left has tumor? What % of the lung on the right has tumor? Which part of a normal lymph node has the earliest focus of metastasis? Why?
Lung, pleura--Mesothelioma If this tumor was not grossly confined to the pleura, could it be easily mistaken for primary non-small cell lung cancer (i.e., adenocarcinoma, squamous carcinoma, or large cell carcinoma)? Do you think there are a whole bunch of cellular antigens we can stain for to help us determine whether this is a mesothelioma or NON-small cell carcinoma?
Lung, pleura-- Mesothelioma Which pleura is giving rise to this mesothelioma, visceral or parietal? Does it also have kind of a "papillary" appearance?
Lung, subpleural--Metastatic small cell carcinoma Encircle the metastatic area? Describe what "small cells" look like in plain English.
Lymph node--Anaplastic large cell lymphoma Is 100% of this lymph node's "normal architecture" effaced and replaced by lymphoid cells? Is this the underlying process in all lymphomas, no matter what lymphocyte antigens (i.e., "markers") you have fun staining for? Describe what the "normal architecture" is of a lymph node.
Lymph node--Chronic lymphocytic leukemia - small lymphocytic lymphoma Is 100% of this lymph node's "normal architecture" effaced and replaced by lymphoid cells? Is this the underlying process in all lymphomas, no matter what lymphocyte antigens (i.e., "markers") you have fun staining for? Describe what the "normal architecture" is of a lymph node.
Lymph node--Langerhans cell histiocytosis (Hand-Schuller-Christian disease) Is 100% of this lymph node's "normal architecture" effaced and replaced by lymphoid cells? Is this the underlying process in all lymphomas, no matter what lymphocyte antigens (i.e., "markers") you have fun staining for? Describe what the "normal architecture" is of a lymph node.
Lymph node--Lymphoblastic lymphoma - lymphoblastic leukemia Is 100% of this lymph node's "normal architecture" effaced and replaced by lymphoid cells? Is this the underlying process in all lymphomas, no matter what lymphocyte antigens (i.e., "markers") you have fun staining for? Describe what the "normal architecture" is of a lymph node.
Lymph node--Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma Is 100% of this lymph node's "normal architecture" effaced and replaced by lymphoid cells? Is this the underlying process in all lymphomas, no matter what lymphocyte antigens (i.e., "markers") you have fun staining for? Describe what the "normal architecture" is of a lymph node.
Lymph node--Mantle cell lymphoma Is 100% of this lymph node's "normal architecture" effaced and replaced by lymphoid cells? Is this the underlying process in all lymphomas, no matter what lymphocyte antigens (i.e., "markers") you have fun staining for? Describe what the "normal architecture" is of a lymph node.
Lymph node--Metastatic breast carcinoma Is "partial" effacement of a lymph node common with metastatic carcinoma?
Lymph node--Nodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma (with plasma cell differentiation) Is 100% of this lymph node's "normal architecture" effaced and replaced by lymphoid cells? Is this the underlying process in all lymphomas, no matter what lymphocyte antigens (i.e., "markers") you have fun staining for? Describe what the "normal architecture" is of a lymph node.
Lymph node--Nodular sclerosis Hodgkin lymphoma What are the two kinds of malignant lymphomas? Is there such a thing as a benign lymphoma? Does the finding of a Reed Sternberg cell enable us to differentiate a Hodgkins lymphoma from the other type of lymphoma, which is called a non-Hodgkins lymphoma? If so, you better learn how to identify them. Identify some. What percentage of all lymphomas are Hodgkins lymphomas?
Lymph node--Peripheral T-cell lymphoma, unspecified (mixed medium-sized and large cell) Do the infiltrates from CLL look like rather normal looking lymphocytes? Can anybody tell the difference between a lymph node replace by CLL cells and a lymphocytic lymphoma?
Lymph node --Adenocarcinoma, metastatic to lymph node What % of this lymph node is replaced by tumor? Is there any normal lymph node left? If so, where and how much?
Lymph node --Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma Is 100% of this lymph node's "normal architecture" effaced and replaced by lymphoid cells? Is this the underlying process in all lymphomas, no matter what lymphocyte antigens (i.e., "markers") you have fun staining for? Describe what the "normal architecture" is of a lymph node. How many different, stupid, classifications of lymphomas have we allowed ourselves to put up with over the years?
Lymph node --Follicular lymphoma, grade 2 Is 100% of this lymph node's "normal architecture" effaced and replaced by lymphoid cells? Is this the underlying process in all lymphomas, no matter what lymphocyte antigens (i.e., "markers") you have fun staining for? Describe what the "normal architecture" is of a lymph node.
Lymph node --Metastatic undifferentiated large cell carcinoma Find an area in which you can show both carcinoma cells (in sheets), as well as lymphoid cells? What is the main basic difference between a carcinoma cell and a lymphoma cell, embryologically and morphologically?
Lymph node, bone marrow, liver, kidney--Chronic lymphocytic leukemia - small lymphocytic lymphoma Do all the infiltrates of CLL look like normal looking lymphocytes usually? Find some.
Mouth--Pyogenic granuloma In all honesty, can a pyogenic granuloma also be called "granulation tissue"? What is the single most dominant feature of granulation tissue histologically? Identify this.
Neck--Lymphangioma (cystic hygroma) The lack of what kinds of cells in the lumen of the endothelially lined spaces makes us suspect lymphangioma rather than henamgioma?
Neck --Branchial cyst (lymphoepithelial cyst) *Description* Cysts are benign tumors lined by benign epithelium. They are filled with epithelial cell secretions and/or sloughed cellular debris. Although they are "tumors" they are usually not neoplasms in the strict sense; instead they usually arise from epithelial inclusions that do not have access to the surface. (For info only, but describe the cyst wall)
Nose--Extramedullary plasmacytoma What does "extramedullary hematopoesis" mean conceptually? Which is the #1 organ which might have this? Which is the #2 organ? If you saw extramedullary hematopoesis in a spleen or liver, might you suspect something might be going on on the marrow which is making it difficult for hematopoesis to go on there, in it normal place? Where are blood cells made in the fetus?
Ovary-- Adenocarcinoma Are most ovarian cancers adenocarcinomas? Do these cells look like they are more likely to be making clear fluid (i.e., serous), rather than mucinous fluid? Find some serous papillary structures.
Ovary--Adenocarcinoma Every time you see an ovarian cancer, ask your self three questions: Is it serous or mucinous, Is it solid or cystic, Is it papillary or not? Show, and tell, which one this is. Do the three types of ovarian cancers classifications depend on whether they originate from the surface "Mullerian" epithelium, the germ cells, or the stroma? Which type is by far the most common?
Ovary--Benign teratoma Is this the most common type of true ovarian neoplasm in young women? What is another name for it? Are the terms "dermoid cyst" and "benign cystic teratoma" synonymous?
Ovary--Borderline ovarian tumor Does "borderline" mean the true biologic behavior cannot be 100% reliably predicted from its microscopic appearance, or the pathologist can't make up his mind? Does it have some papillae? Find some.
Ovary--Brenner tumor Is this an epithelial or a germ cell derived tumor? Find some Brenner tumor cell nests.
Ovary--Dermoid cyst What is another name for this? What two things are almost always found inside the cyst wall? Find both. What are other common things? Why are they cysts greasy when one opens them up?
Ovary--Dysgerminoma If this was a testicle rather than an ovary, what would you call it? Find the malignant germ cells. Find some lymphocytes? Are various mixtures of malignant germ cells and lymphocytes also the exact same components of seminomas of the testis?
Ovary--Endometriosis Identify the endometrial tissue in the ovary? Is this one of the most common sites for endometriosis? What are some others? Define endometriosis. Explain the embryologic rest cell theory vs. the reverse menstruation theory/? Has anybody ever found out for sure what causes this?
Ovary--Granulosa cell tumor What might the effect of a granulosa cell tumor of the ovary be on the endometrium? Why? What do granulosa cells normally make?
Ovary--Serous cystadenocarcinoma Why is this called "serous"? papillary" cystic? carcinoma? adeno? Find some papillary structures? Find cysts.
Ovary--Serous cystadenoma What is the diagnostic and predictive importance of the word "borderline" on a pathology report? Why does this cause anxiety for the patient and the surgeon?
Ovary--Theca cell tumor What do theca cells normally produce? What might this tumor produce if it is "functional"? Encircle the part of the tumor which might produce estrogen. Would a benign thecal tumor be more likely to produce estrogen than, say, a theoretical malignant one?
Pancreas--Adenocarcinoma Are most of the cancers of the pancreas adenocarcinomas? Why? Could a squamous cell carcinoma be possible? How? Does extreme fibrous reaction to this tumor, i.e., "desmoplasia", occur routinely with pancreatic adenocarcinomas and breast carcinomas? Which organ receives venous blood drainage from the pancreas? Which organ gets the first metastasis from pancreatic cancers?
Pancreas --Adenocarcinoma Find normal pancreas. Find a desmoplastic tumor area. Find malignant glands within the desmplastic area. Define desmoplasia. What does the Greek word desmos mean?
Pancreas --Islet cell tumor (insulinoma) Find a normal islet cell. Find an islet cell tumor cell. Do they look virtually identical? Do you think they might behave identical also, functionally? What do normal islet calls make? If these normal looking islet cells from the tumor spread to the liver, would you have a hard time deciding whether it was benign or malignant?
Parathyroid--Oxyphil adenoma What is the normal weight of a single parathyroid gland? Which part of the tissue section has almost 100% oxyphils, NW, NE, SE, or SW quadrant? Are tumors generally "clonal"? What does that mean?
Penis--Carcinoma in situ Find an area of squamous cell CIS.
Penis--Erythroplasia of Queyrat Is this also CIS? Find it.
Penis--Squamous cell carcinoma Is this CIS or infiltrating carcinoma or both or neither? Find the deepest level of infiltration.
Pituitary--Acidophilic adenoma What hormones do pituitary acidophils normally produce? What hormone might this tumor produce? Name 2 ways you can determine whether a pituitary tumor is functional or not---one lab way, and one clinical way. What clinical syndrome might a functioning acidophilic adenoma produce? What do basophils produce? What do chromophobes produce?
Pre-sacral mass --Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (needle biopsy) Do you have enough experience by now to suspect this is a lymphoma rather than a carcinoma or a sarcoma? (Honest answers only, please)
Prostate--Adenocarcinoma In what quadrant of this section is the main bulk of the adenocarcinoma, NW, NE, SE, SW? Are the overwhelming majority of prostate cancers adenocarcinomas? Why?
Prostate--Adenocarcinoma (Gleason grade 1) Do you agree with this Gleason grade? Why?
Prostate--Adenocarcinoma (Gleason grade 4) Do you agree with this Gleason grade? Why?
Prostate--Adenocarcinoma (Gleason grade 5) Do you agree with this Gleason grade? Why?
Prostate--Intraepithelial neoplasm (PIN) Find the PIN. Can PIN be thought of as the spectrum of precancerous changes leading up to downright adenocarcinoma? What percentage of men over 80 have prostate cancer or PIN?
Prostate --Adenocarcinoma (Gleason grade 2) Do you agree with this Gleason grade? Why?
Prostate --Adenocarcinoma (Gleason grade 3) Do you agree with this Gleason grade? Why?
Prostate --Nodular hyperplasia Why is this called "nodular"? Find a nodule? Do the cells look malignant? What is the MAIN feature differentiating hyperplastic glands in the prostate, from cancer, pleomorphism, nucleoli, or necrosis?
Salivary gland--Adenoid cystic carcinoma Show a malignant area. Show a necrotic one. Are these tumor glands slow growing and do they invade perineural spaces frequently? Is this the classic example of a widespread metastatic malignancy which a patient can live with for many many years because of its extreme slow growth rate?
Salivary gland--Extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT lymphoma) What does MALT stand for? Why? Can MALT tissue give rise to lymphomas? What is a maltoma? Is a maltoma a lymphoma of extranodal lymphoid tissue? Find an area of lymphoid cells in which there is not much further organization that simply lymphoid cells?
Salivary gland--Papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum (Warthin tumor) Is this malignant? Find the cyst part. Find the lymph part. Find the papillary part? Why is it more truly descriptive of this tumor to call it a papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum rather than a Warthin tumor?
Salivary gland--Pleomorphic adenoma (mixed tumor) Is this the most common, by far, salivary gland neoplasm? Is it benign? Delineate the edges of it. From the sharp delineation of the tumor from its neighboring structures, would you guess it's benign? What is the Latin word for "crab"? Do crabs have claws which invade neighboring structures? Why is cancer called cancer?
Skeletal muscle, face--Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma What normal cells are rhabdomyosarcoma cells derived from? Are there rare? What organ usually receives the first met?
Skin-- Actinic keratosis Is this regarded as the premalignant precursor to squamous cell carcinoma of the skin, generally? Is it caused by sun exposure? Find the hyperkeratosis? What is hyperkeratosis? Find the atypia. What is atypia? Are the words "atypia" and "dysplasia" sort of the same?
Skin--Actinic keratosis Is this regarded as the premalignant precursor to squamous cell carcinoma of the skin, generally? Is it caused by sun exposure? Find the hyperkeratosis? What is hyperkeratosis? Find the atypia. What is atypia?
Skin--Dermatofibroma What is the cell of origin of a dermatofibroma? Is this sometimes called a "histiocytoma"? Is it sometimes called a sclerosing hemangioma? Are the tumor cells very hard to differentiate from surrounding fibroblasts? Try to anyway.
Skin--Epidermal inclusion cyst What is the most common subcutaneous "bump" on a person's skin? What are they filled with? Can they rupture? Find a giant cell trying to swallow some ruptured keratin.
Skin--Fibroepithelial polyp (skin tag) Are these common? Find one on your own body. Where would you look first? Do they turn into cancer? What causes them? Find the "fibro" part. Find the "epithelial" part.
Skin--Glomus tumor Does a glomus tumor look like it might be derived from blood vessels, just from looking at this image?
Skin--Granular cell tumor Find some "granular" cells. What are these granules made of? What is a better stain than H&E to see these granules? What is a "supravital" stain? Is methylene blue a supravital stain?
Skin--Kaposi sarcoma IS KS common in non-AIDS patients? Is it much more common in homosexual HIV patients rather than IVD user AIDS patients? Is it derived from blood vessels? Is it malignant? Where do sarcomas metastasize to?
Skin--Keratoacanthoma What malignancy is KA most commonly mistaken for, even by experts, often? Why? Does the presence of an epithelial "collar" or "collarette" at he\\the periphery help us to differentiate the two? Find the collarette.
Skin--Melanoma in situ Do melanomas start off "in-situ"? Find an area of increased melanocytes. Does the presence of melanocytes in the upper epidermis present a worrisome finding?
Skin--Mycosis fungoides Is MF a type of cutaneous T-Cell lymphoma? Are there stains to prove these are T-Cells? Find some sheets of tumor cells. Can you tell any lymphocyte is a T-Cell or a B-Cell just from routine stains?
Skin--Neurofibroma Is it common to find neurofibromas sporadically, with no association with hereditary neurofibromatosis syndromes? Describe the tumor cells in plain English? Do they look malignant? Are neurofibromas malignant? Does the overlying epidermis look pretty normal?
Skin--Palisaded Encapsulated Neuroma (solitary neuroma) What is the definition, in pathology or anywhere, of "palisading"? Find some here. If you see a golden brown pigment in the cells any primary skin tumor, what are the chances it is bile? Hemosiderin? Melanin?
Skin--Pigmented Spindle Cell Nevus Do these pigmented cells have a "spindly", or fusiform, appearance?
Skin--Schwannoma Do these tumor cells look spindly? Can you find "palisading"? Does it look malignant by any criteria? Does the number of sebaceous gland here look increased relative to all the other skin specimens you have looked at histologically?
Skin--Sebaceous hyperplasia Which part of the body is subject to sebaceous hyperplasia? Which part of the body has the most sebaceous glands? What is seborrhea, clinically?
Skin--Seborrheic keratosis Find a trapped area of "whoorled" keratin? What is another name for this? Are these fairly diagnostic of SK?
Skin-- Seborrheic keratosis What are "horn cysts"? Find some. Do these turn into cancer? Is SK related to sun exposure, as AK (actinic keratosis) is?
Skin--Squamous cell carcinoma How do you know this is malignant? How do you know this is derived from squamous epithelium?
Skin-- Squamous cell carcinoma Do SqCCs of the skin often spread to distant organs? Have you ever personally heard of any person dying from a squamous cell carcinoma of the skin?
Skin or oral mucous membrane--Pyogenic granuloma Describe granulation tissue in words. Describe a pyogenic granuloma in words. What is the difference?
Skin --Malignant melanoma Why is this the most feared Skin cancer? Do they often metastasize early and widely? Are they on the rise, significantly? What characteristic of a melanoma is the prognosis DIRECTLY related to: vertical thickness, diameter, necrosis, or atypia? Find the deepest level of dermal invasion. Is this the most reliable histological criteria for melanoma prognosis?
Skin, lip--Basal cell carcinoma Is BCC the overwhelmingly most common type of skin cancer? Do they metastasize widely? Find the palisading of the basal cells? Have you ever personally heard of any person dying from a basal cell carcinoma of the skin?
Skin, nose--Rhinophyma What famous comedian of the distant past could be the rhinophyma poster boy? Describe it microscopically.
Small intestine--Carcinoid tumor Find the carcinoid cells. Are the neuroendocrine cells? In the GI tract do they look a lot like adenocarcinomas? Show them invading the muscularis. If they invade the muscularis, do you think this one could metastasize too? Would you call this one malignant for that reason? If the cells look 100% benign but you found them metastasizing to the liver, would you modify your diagnosis from benign to malignant?
Small intestine, duodenum--Peutz-Jeghers polyp What is a Peutz-Jeghers polyp? What type of tissue does this polyp have that differentiates it from regular adenomatous polyps? Find some smooth muscle. Is this benign? Does it look benign?
Soft tissue--Fibrosarcoma What common connective tissue cells are fibrosarcomas derived from? What is, unfortunately, the usual site of presentation of any sarcoma?
Soft tissue--Lipohemangioma Why is this called both a "lipo" and a "hemangio"? Find the "lipo" part. Find the "hemangio" part. Is this benign?
Soft tissue (retroperitoneum) --Liposarcoma What part of the body do most liposarcomas arise in? Does this look like histologically normal adipose tissue? If it did, would you consider changing your diagnosis to benign lipoma? Is the term benign lipoma redundant?
Soft tissue --Lipoma Does a lipoma look like 100% normal adipose tissue microscopically? Does it often have a thin fibrous capsule however? If this was just a piece of normal fat would you believe it?
Soft tissue, dorsal wrist--Ganglion What part of a tendon do ganglions arise from? Are they usually cystic? Do they usually contain this mucoid material? Can this also be called a benign "synovial" cyst?
Stomach--Adenocarcinoma Which of the 4 classical GI wall layers is involved by tumor? All? Are there any signet ring cells? Find some if you can see any.
Stomach--Adenocarcinoma (linitis plastica) Where does the term linitis plastica come from? Is this synonymous with a poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma involving the full thickness of a stomach so that it looks like a leather bottle? Could there be signet ring cells here? Find some if you can.
Tendon sheath--Giant cell tumor Are these benign? Find the giant cells which are very numerous. Is tendon sheath a synovial derived structure also? What are some others?
Testis--Embryonal carcinoma Is embryonal carcinoma the most often testicular tumor erroneously referred to as "adenocarcinoma"? Why? What tumors metastasize to the testis (Correct answer: NONE). Where do testicular cancers metastasize to, inguinal or periaortic (retroperitoneal) lymph nodes? Why? What is the old erroneous name for this cancer? Circle some areas that look like adenocarcinoma.
Testis-- Embryonal carcinoma What percentage of the tumor looks like glands? Is embryonal carcinoma a "germ cell" tumor of the testis? Name 3 others? Are they all malignant? What % is necrotic?
Testis--Endodermal sinus tumor (yolk sac tumor) Can you find a Schiller-Duval body which is diagnostic of this tumor? If not, google one.
Testis--Seminoma If this was an ovary what would your diagnosis be? These tumors are composed of 2 types of cells, aren't they? Find the malignant germ cells. Find the lymphocytes. Which cell is more common in this case?
Testis-- Seminoma Find the malignant germ cells. Find the lymphocytes. Which one is more abundant in this one? Can they be 50-50?
Testis--Sertoli cell tumor What do sertoli cells normally produce? What might a functional sertoli tumor also produce?
Testis --Benign teratoma Are most teratomas of the testis malignant? Are most teratomas of the ovary benign? Interesting, isn't it?
Thymus--Thymoma What common neuromuscular junctional autoimmune disease of women, mostly, is this tumor associated with? Are thymectomies common in myasthenia gravis? From you experience does it look pretty much like a lymphoma? If this tumor was taken out of an inguinal area what would most pathologists diagnosis it as?
Thyroid--Follicular carcinoma Find some malignant follicles. What is the usual route of early metastasis for a follicular carcinoma? papillary? What four malignancies often metastasize to bone early? Have you ever heard of somebody dying from thyroid cancer? Have you ever personally heard of a male getting thyroid cancer?
Thyroid--Hashimoto thyroiditis, papillary carcinoma Find the papillary structures? Are ALL papillary structures in the thyroid regarded, pretty much, as being malignant? Google and past a picture of Orphan Annie? Why did I ask you to do that? Find an "Orphan Annie" cell of thyroid cancer, either from here or google?
Thyroid--Nodular goiter What is the definition of a goiter? What is the normal weight of an adult thyroid gland, in grams? What is the normal range of a 24 hour uptake of radioactive iodine, expressed as a percentage of the entire dose? Amazing coincidence, isn't it? Find a nodule by encircling it. Is the capsule "intact" and not disrupted in any way? Why is this important?
Thyroid --Follicular adenoma (microfollicular variant) Can may thing which look like normal follicular "adenomas" metastasize to bone and liver? If it did would you change your diagnosis from benign to malignant? Find a "micro"-follicle.
Thyroid --Papillary carcinoma Find some papillae. What percentage of all papillary structures in the thyroid are eventually called "carcinoma"? What kind of cell is produced in a thyroid when a cytoplasm invaginates into a nucleus? What famous comic book orphan is this named after?
Tongue--Squamous cell carcinoma Is this infiltrating? Find some tumor cells choking skeletal muscle fibers. Does it look squamous? Why? What is a squamous "pearl"? Find one.
Tongue-- Squamous cell carcinoma Is this infiltrating? Does it look squamous? Why? What is a squamous "pearl"? Find one if you see one.
Ureter--Transitional cell carcinoma Are virtually all primary malignancies of the male urogenital tract classified as TCC? What is another name for TCC? Does this one invade the smooth muscle of the ureter? Show it.
Urinary bladder--Transitional cell carcinoma Does this one invade the smooth muscle of the bladder? Show it.
Uterus--Adenomyosis What is the definition of adenomyosis? Why is it also called endometriosis interna? Do you think it would be better to see BOTH endometrial gland and stroma in the myometrium to diagnose this condition? Find some.
Uterus--Choriocarcinoma Do you see anything here which reminds you of chorionic villi? Syntrophoblast? Cytotrophoblast? If so, show it. What hormone does this tumor usually secrete?
Uterus--Endometrial adenocarcinoma Are virtually all of the primary carcinomas of the endometrium adenocarcinomas? Why? Show the depth of invasion.
Uterus--Leiomyoma Is this the most common tumor of women? Where do most of them originate in? Microscopically, does it look pretty much like normal smooth muscle histologically?
Uterus--Leiomyosarcoma What percentage of leiomyomas turn into leiomyosarcomas? What SINGLE cytologic feature distinguishes leiomyomas from leiomyomasarcomas, mitoses, atypia, necrosis, or fibrosis? Take 10 HPFs (High Power Fields). Count the total number of mitotic cells in those 10 fields.. What is that number? _______ What should the number be in a benign leiomyoma?
Uterus--View 1 Endometrial adenocarcinoma, View 2 Fibromyoma (leiomyoma) Find the adenocarcinoma. Find the non-malignant endometrium. Find the myometrium? Is it invaded?
Uterus --Leiomyoma Delineate it.
Uterus --Leiomyosarcoma What SINGLE cytologic feature distinguishes leiomyomas from leiomyomasarcomas, mitoses, atypia, necrosis, or fibrosis? Take 10 HPFs (High Power Fields). Count the total number of mitotic cells in those 10 fields.. What is that number? _______ What should the number be in a benign leiomyoma?
Uterus, corpus, placenta--Hydatidiform mole Do these look like normal chorionic villi, or do they seem to be bloated with edema so the look like grapes? What is the Greek ford for water? Latin?
Uterus, endometrium--Adenocarcinoma Could this be a D&C specimen? What does D&C stand for? Are D&C's performed often to rule out cancer as a cause of abnormal uterine bleeding? Can we rule it out here? Can we rule it in?
Vagina--Clear cell carcinoma Why is this pattern of adenocarcinoma often called "clear" cell carcinoma? Find some clear foamy tumor cells.
Vulva--Severe dysplasia Would call this VIN-I, VIN-II, or VIN-III? Why? Encircle an area?
Vulva --Condyloma accuminata (viral induced squamous papilloma) Are condyloma accuminatas all benign? What are they caused by? Which kinds of viruses?

Infectious Diseases

Appendix--Acute appendicitis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Appendix--Acute appendicitis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Appendix--Peri-appendiceal abscess (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Appendix--Pinworms Find the section of the pinworm. Encircle it. What part of the appendix is it in, serosa, muscularis, submucosa, lamina propria, epithelium, or lumen?
Bone, vertebrae--Osteomyelitis and chondritis Show spicules of bone being eroded by a hemorrhagic and fibrotic inflammatory process. Is this the criteria of osteomyelitis? Show spicules of bone being cartilage by a hemorrhagic and fibrotic inflammatory process. Is this the criteria for chondritis?
Brain--Gumma of syphilis What is the definition of a gumma? Is the term used fairly exclusively for localized "granuloma-like" tertiary syphilis only? Describe this one in your own words?
Brain--Paresis (syphilis) Is "paresis" a clinical or a pathologic term? What are those spaces around the blood vessels called? What is a Virchow-Robbins space? Why are these spaces crucially important in the diagnosis of a viral encephalitis?
Brain--Rabies Find at least one classical viral inclusion. What kind of cell is it in? Is it intranuclear or intracytoplasmic? What color does it stain to be?
Brain--Viral encephalitis Find mononucleated cells (chiefly lymphocytes) in a Virchow-Robbins space? Is this the classic pathologic definition of any viral encephalitis? Are most encephalitides viral, rather than bacterial? If the meninges was also involved, which this one is, what would be a better term than just meningitis? Find meningeal involvement?
Brain --Acute pyogenic (bacterial) meningitis Are most meningitides bacterial rather than viral? Name come common bacterial etiologies? In children under two, what is the specific bacteria usually causing this? Show the meningitis
Brain --Mucormycosis meningoencephalitis Find some hyphae branching at 90 degrees. Is this classical for mucormycosis? Why is this a PAS stain rather than a H&E stain? Find an encephalitis area? Is most of the inflammation perivascular?
Brain, cerebellum--Abscess (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Brain, cerebrum--Cryptococcosis (PAS stain) Find clusters of cryptococcal yeast forms? Do some show budding? Show a budding yeast ball. Why is this a PAS stain? Does a PAS stain a fungus yeast or hyphae much better and intense red than H&E? What kind of prep might have been made on the spinal fluid before this patient died? Is crypto- usually more of a meningitis?
Cervix--Bacterial vaginosis Are many bacteria usually seen on most PAP smears? What percentage of "normal" PAP slears have bacteria? Are they usually pathologic? What is a Doderlein's bacillus?
Cervix--Candida Is Candida albicans often seen on PAP smears? Is candida often seen in human tissues as budding yeasts as well as pseudohyphae? In which form is it primarily seen here? Show it.
Cervix--Trichomonas Find some "trich". What is the kind of "prep" used in most doctors offices to identify this organism easily from a vaginal swab? What is a "wet prep"?
Colon--Bacillary dysentery Name some common bacilli to infect colonic mucosa? Show ulceration and infiltrates of neutrophils in the lamina propria.
Colon--Ischemic enterocolitis Can ischemia itself produce a colitis? Might this precede an actual infarct? Does the muscularis here show some early involvement? Is the bulk of the microscopic pathology limited to the mucosa and submucosa here? Show it.
Colon--Pseudomembranous colitis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Colon --Amebiasis Find some amebas in this colitis. Is this associated with i high likelihood of amebic liver abscess? How high (percentage, please)?
Colon, esophagus --Candidiasis Demonstrate massive nests of PAS stained pseudohyphae in the mucosas of each organ. What blood test would you do in a young adult patient who has candida esophagitis? How likely would it be for this test to be positive?
Colon, rectum --Schistosomiasis Find numerous shistosome eggs.
Esophagus --Herpes esophagitis Find some intranuclear viral inclusions at the mucosal squamous cells at the edge of the ulcer? What is a Tzanck smear?
Fallopian tube--Chronic salpingitis Why would this salpingitis be best classified as "chronic' rather then "acute"? Find the reason. What two specific organisms are the overwhelming 2 most specific causes of salpingitis worldwide? Is one a bacterium? What is the other?
Gallbladder--Acute cholecystitis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Gallbladder--Chronic cholecystitis Encircle a diagnostic field enabling this correct diagnosis. What percentage of these diseases are associated with calculi? (low, high) Is a chronic cholecystitis much less likely to cause perforation of the gallbladder than acute? Why?
Gut--Actinomycosis diverticulitis, abscess Find a "sulfur" granule. Do they look yellow grossly? What is diverticulitus conceptually? Where else have you found sulfur granules on your own body? What 2 clinical diseases does diverticulitis mimic? Which one is benign? Which one is malignant?
*Heart--Toxoplasma gondii* myocarditis** Can Toxoplasma gondii infect the heart? How would you describe this myocarditis in your own words?
Heart--Diphtheria Show an area of myocarditis and describe it. Does diphtheria infect the heart commonly? Hoe does the causative organism stain on gram stain?
Heart --Pericarditis, bacterial (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Heart --Coxsackie B2 myocarditis Show an area of myocarditis. Which viruses cause myocarditides more often than any other type?
Heart, aortic valve --Bacterial endocarditis What is a "vegetation"? Which specific bacteria is the most common to infect a heart valve? Where can these vegetations "shower" to?
*Kidney--Pseudomonas* abscesses** Name some common gram negative rods to infect the kidney? Encircle the abscess. Enumerate the kinds of things comprising the abscess.
Kidney--Acute and chronic pyelonephritis Find the reason this is called "acute". Find the reason this is called "chronic"? Do ascending bacterial gram negative infections usually involve the tubules or the glomeruli? Do you think there is an area here which might qualify to be called "abscess" also?
Kidney-- Acute and chronic pyelonephritis Even with fairly extensive pyelonephritis, are the glomeruli usually spared? Show the acute. Show the chronic.
Kidney--Bacterial endocarditis Encircle the microabscess. Where did it come from?
Kidney --Coccidiodomycosis Find a spherule. Find some endospores.
Larynx--Haemophilus influenzae laryngitis Show the ulcerated area. What are the gram staining properties of the causative organism. What was the most likely age of this patient?
Liver--Fulminant hepatitis (massive hepatic necrosis) Find an area of massive necrosis. Find some viable hepatocytes. Is this one of the most feared complications of viral hepatitis? What is the mortality of this disease?
Liver--Hepatitis, yellow fever virus Name some general features that most of the viral hepatides share in common? Where are the inflammatory infiltrates primarily, in portal tracts or centrilobular areas? Describe some features of individual hepatocytes? What is "cloudy swelling"? What is "ballooning"? What is "feathery" degeneration?
Liver--Herpes hepatitis Find an area of necrosis? Why are these tissue samples cylindrically shaped?
Liver--Viral hepatitis Name 5 different hepatitis viruses? Which one is the commonest worldwide? Which one has the highest mortality in the acute form? Which one has the highest likelihood of turning into cirrhosis? Which one has the highest likelihood of turning into hepatocellular carcinoma?
Liver--Viral hepatitis with fulminant necrosis What percentage of this biopsy shows normal hepatic "lobules", i.e., centrilobular and portal triad differentiation? What is the mortality of hepatitis when fulminent necrosis is present? In what percentage of hepatitis B cases does fulminant necrosis occur? What percentage of hepatitis B cases are subclinical, i.e., no symptoms?
Liver --Cryptococcosis Find some organisms. Find some histiocytes reacting to these organisms? What are clusters of histiocytes called, especially when some show multinucleation?
Liver --Cytomegalic inclusion disease (CMV) Show a CMV cell. Find a viral inclusion? Is it intranuclear? Is it basophilic or eosinophilic?
Liver --Echinococcus cyst Find the cyst wall. What is its major component?
Liver --Histoplasmosis Find clusters of histoplasmosis organisms? Are they basophilic or eosinophilic?
Liver, spleen --Malaria Find the hemozoin in the liver and spleen. What is it made out of? Is this term usually associated with malaria? What is blackwater fever?
Lung--Abscess, bronchopneumonia Show some recognizable alveoli. Show alveoli packed with neutrophils. Is this acute pneumonia? Why?
Lung--Aspergillosis Show some branching hyphae. Is this an acute pneumonia? Are these yeasts or hyphae? On this particular stain, H&E, are the hyphae more basophilic or eosinophilic? What kinds of patients are fungal pneumonias often found in?
Lung--Blastomycosis Is this a granulomatous pneumonia? Find some granulomas. Find some blastomycosis organisms. Are they yeasts or hyphae?
Lung--Bronchopneumonia (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Lung--Bronchopneumonia (early) (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Lung--Bronchopneumonia with micro-abscesses (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Lung--Early pneumonia (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Lung--Legionella pneumonia Is this an acute pneumonia? Show proof. Why is it called "Legionella"? Is this a fairly common community acquired pneumonia? Is the causative organism a bacteria? How does the bacterium stain on gram stain?
Lung--Pneumocystis pneumonia Is this described as "wooly" alveolar exudates? Find a classic example of a wooly exudate. What is in these exudates? What stain would you do to show these organisms best? What is the most likely HIV status of this patient? (+,-)
Lung --Aspergillosis What are all those centrally, peripherally purple balls composed of?
Lung --Interstitial pneumonia In an "interstitial" type of pneumonia, are the alveolar septae thickened generally? In an "alveolar" type of pneumonia, are the alveoli filled with inflammatory cells generally? Are most interstitial pneumonias viral? Are most alveolar pneumonias bacterial?
Lung --Lobar pneumonia Show alveoli distended and jam packed with neutrophils? What common organism classically causes lobar pneumonia? Do lobar pneumonias start in bronchi and bronchioles? In contrast, do bronchopneumonias?
Lung --Pneumocystis pneumonia This is a methenamine silver stain. Find the organisms. What color do they stain? Do they look like bent black coins about the size of an RBC?
Lung --Tuberculosis Are centrally necrotic granulomas in the lung often regarded as TB until proven otherwise? What stain would you order next? What color would the organisms be? Is an acid fast stain and a "Ziel Nielsen" stain exactly the same thing?
Lung, bronchus --Cryptosporidium What immune disease is cryptosporidium common in? How is this organism classified phylogenetically?
Lymph node--Acute Lymphadenitis In the two common ways a lymph node can react to inflammation, "follicular hyperplasia" and "reticular hyperplasia" (also calles "sinus histiocytosis"), what kind is this? Why? In reticular hyperplasia (or also called sinus histiocytosis), which normal structures are prominent? Are hyperplasias benign?
Lymph node--Brucellosis Because these are also necrotic granulomas, could this be commonly confused with TB? How does brucellosis organisms gram stain?
Lymph node--Toxoplasmosis Do most toxo lymph nodes show clusters of histiocytes (i.e., macrophages")? Find one here? Differentiate a toxo ball from a normal germinal center of a lymphoid follicle.
Lymph node--Tularemia Like brucellosis, because these are also necrotic granulomas, could this be commonly confused with TB? How does brucellosis organisms gram stain? Why is this also called rabbit fever?
Lymph node and soft tissues--Lymphogranuloma venereum Does LGV also have necrotic granulomas? Which lymph nodes in the body does this most commonly occur in?
Lymph node --Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex (MAC) Does MAC organisms stain exactly like TB? Does MAC usually cause granulomas like TB? Is MAC one of the "atypical" mycobacteria? Are most MAC patients AIDS patients?
Lymph node--Tuberculosis These are the world's most classical TB granulomas. Find the necrosis, find the histiocytes (macrophages), find the giant cells, find the lymphocytes, find the fibroblasts? What direction did you just go in, central to peripheral, or vice versa?
Penis--Chancres in syphilis Are chancres painless? Where are they usually found? What stage of syphilis is this, primary, secondary, or tertiary? What is the most common cell in the inflammatory infiltrate?
Pharynx--Streptococcal tonsillitis Is streptococcus, by far, the most common organism to infect the upper respiratory tract? Describe the inflamed area in words. Show it.
Prostate--Acute prostatitis Would you dare diagnose acute prostatitis if you did not see neutrophils involving prostatic glands? Find it. In all honesty, is there a chronic component here too? Find it. Does this progress to cancer?
Skeletal muscle--Trichinosis Find a trichinosis cyst. Find calcification in it. Is this dystrophic or metastatic calcification?
Skeletal muscle --Trichinosis Show an organism within a striated muscle cell. Find some giant cell reaction also? How is this organism classified phylogenetically?
Skeletal muscle, spinal cord-- Poliomyelitis Describe the concept of "neurogenic atrophy"? Can skeletal muscle cells work, or even live, without innervation? In polio, where is the lesion, the anterior horn neurons, the nerves, or the neuromuscular junctions?
Skeletal muscle, spinal cord--Poliomyelitis Find an inflamed area in the anterior horn region. Is this the classic area of viral damage in polio?
Skin--Carbuncle Define carbuncle? Is it different from furuncle? Is it different from "cellulitis"? How? Is a localized sub-Q abscess usually called a carbuncle?
Skin--Erysipelas Define erysipelas. What is the Greek word for "red skin"? What organism causes it? How does it gram stain?
Skin--Herpes Describe in words why this microscopic lesion might look like a vesicle grossly? What does herpes mean in Greek? Why would a snake be connected with a vesicle? Show where the separation is between the dermis and epidermis? What is this filled with grossly? Can you find viral inclusions?
Skin--Molluscum contagiosum What virus causes this? Describe the appearance of the cells from the basal layer to the center of the crater. Is there absolutely anything else in pathology which looks exactly like this (Correct answer: NO) Is that why pathologists are thrilled to find it? (Correct answer: YES)
Skin--Tuberculoid leprosy Is leprosy also a granulomatous disease? Does the organism also stain like TB? Find a granuloma. Where is Molokai Island?
Skin--Varicella (chicken pox) Is this also a vesicle? Where is the derrmal-epidermal separation? If this fluid filled vesicle got secondarily infected and was now filled with pus rather than clear fluid, what would be a better term than vesicle to use? Define pustule. What organism caused chicken pox? What organism causes shingles?
Skin, lip--Verruca vulgaris Are common warts caused by viruses? Which one(s)? What are the three classic histopathologic features of warts? Demonstrate the hyperkeratosis, demonstrate the acanthosis, demonstrate papillomatosis? Define each term also.
Small intestine, ileum--Strongyloides enteritis Find the worms. Find the areas of "enteritis", i.e., bowel inflammation. What phylum does strongyloides belong to?
Small intestine, ileum--Typhoid ulcer Which two layers of the small bowel wall (out of the classic four) are getting the brunt of the inflammation? Show it. Describe the inflammatory infiltrate in words. Is there ulceration? Even though there appears to be, is the diarrhea of typhoid classically watery rather than bloody?
Soft tissue--Filariasis What are the three phyla of worms that parasitize humans? Which one is this? Find the filaria. What are filaria defined as?
Soft tissue--Onchocerca volvulus What phylum? What continent? Why is this called "river blindness"?
Spinal cord--Poliomyelitis (Please refer to the previous set of questions on poliomyelitis, spinal cord)
Stomach--Tuberculosis Is the finding of necrotic granulomas in the stomach, statistically, present a high index of suspicion for TB? Is the finding of necrotic granulomas, anywhere, statistically, present a high index of suspicion for TB?
Testis--Orchitis and epididymitis Find the orchitis part. Find the epididymitis part. Acute, chronic, or both?
Trachea--Diphtheria Are tracheal ulcers common in diphtheria? How does the causative organism gram stain? What is the genus and species of this organism?

Trauma, Environmental and Nutritional Disorders

Bone --Rickets Which vitamin is lacking? What is a rachitic rosary? Show the overgrowth area of epiphyseal cartilage which represents a "bead" of the rosary? What joint is this?
Brain --Contusion Define contusion anywhere? Show the edema. Would this area light up on a T2 weighted MRI image? Why?
Breast --Foreign body reaction Find some FB giant cells What is that junk in them? What type of cells are FB giant cells derived from? Should you "polarize" all giant cells on your real microscope? Why?
Kidney --Acute tubular necrosis from ethylene glycol Find some necrotic tubules? Are some nuclei lost or only faintly visible in these necrotic tubules?
Liver--Centrilobular necrosis from chloroform anesthesia (animal) Which part of the classic hepatic lobule shows the worst necrosis, the centrilobular area, the sinusoid area or the portal area?
Liver--Cirrhosis (micronodular) Is the differentiation between micronodular and macronodular cirrhosis purely on the basis of nodule size? Which one is easier to see grossly? Which type would be more easy to identify grossly? Find a microscopic nodule here. What is, overwhelmingly, the most common cause of micronodular cirrhosis? What is Laennec's crrrosis? What is nutritional cirrhosis?
Liver--Traumatic hemorrhage Delineate it.
Lung--Silicosis Can these nodules be describes as "fibrotic", or healed, granulomas? Find one.
Lung --Alveolar proteinosis Find some alveoli distended with "proteinaceous" material. Is this a specific disease with a single etiology, or is it found in several other disease states?
Lung --Silicosis Delineate a collagenous scar.
Skin --Gunshot wound If you were a forensic pathologist looking at this slide, how would you know this was a close up gunshot wound? Show me the proof.
Skin --Tatoo What kind of cells phagocitize the tatoo pigment? Find some.
Spinal cord --Subacute combined degeneration of pernicious anemia What vitamin(s) or vitamin associated proteins might be lacking here? Find (delineate) an involved motor tract? Find (delineate) an involved sensory tract? Why do neurologists carry tuning forks in their black bags?

Diseases of Infancy and Childhood

Fallopian tube--Ectopic pregnancy with embryo Find the fetus. Find chorionic villi. Find amniotic membrane. Find the papillary mucosa of the tube. Find the tube wall. Does it look thin? Could it rupture?
Intestine--Meconium obstruction with necrosis Find the meconium. What is meconium defined as? Does the meconium appear to "plug up" the intestine? Find necrosis anywhere in the bowel wall itself.
Liver--Congenital cytomegalovirus disease Find a CMV hepatitis viral inclusion body.
Liver--Erythroblastosis fetalis Do neonates often have areas of hematopoesis in their livers? Find one of the many areas showing hematopoetic cells. Find a megakaryocte in the liver, which is normal in newborns. What is kernicterus?
Lung--Aspiration pneumonia, infant Find "squames". Could this be the cause of this infants aspiration pmeumonia?
Lung--Hyaline membrane disease Find some hyaline membranes in the alveoli.
Lung--Measles pneumonia Find some measles giant cells. Is pneumonia common in measles?
Pancreas--Cystic fibrosis Find the cystic part. Find the fibrosis part. What other organs bear the brunt of cystic fibrosis?
Skin--Epulis What is epulis defined as? Is the pigment hemosiderin or melanin? What simple stain can you do to tell what pigment this is for sure?

Integument

Skin--Acne What causes acne? Name a commonly indicted bacterium? What is the definition of folliculitis? Encircle an area of folliculitis. Is is primarily acute or chronic?
Skin--Actinic keratosis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Skin--Actinic keratosis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Skin--Arsenical keratosis Is arsenic a cause of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin? Find some atypical or dysplastic squamous cells. Are the terms "atypical" and "dysplastic" interchangeable?
Skin--Carbuncle (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Skin--Cellular Blue Nevus Why is this called "blue"? Why is this called "cellular"? Is this malignant? Is anything called purely a "nevus" malignant? If a nevus became malignant, what term would it be called?
Skin--Compound Clarks nevus (dysplastic nevus) A number of nevi are described as "dysplastic". Name, and show, some microscopic features which make a nevus "worrisome" or "dysplastic". If the worrisome area was definitely established as malignant, what term would be used in place of "nevus"?
Skin--Compound nevus with halo reaction Is a "halo" nevus a gross or a microscopic term? What is present, or not present, microscopically, which gives the "halo" appearance?
Skin--Dermatofibroma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Skin--Epidermal inclusion cyst (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Skin--Epidermolysis bullousa What is the mortality of this skin disease? Are the "bullae" intraepidermal or, like herpes, sub-epidermal? Find some.
Skin--Epulis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Skin--Erysipelas (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Skin--Erythema multiforme Show the microscopic reason why this lesion is "erythematous" grossly. Is this a hypersensitivity type of reaction? Which kind (I, II, III, IV)? Is there also a syndrome which is associated with this abnormality? What is the syndrome's name?
Skin--Fibroepithelial polyp (skin tag) (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Skin--Glomus tumor (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Skin--Granular cell tumor (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Skin--Herpes (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Skin--Kaposi sarcoma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Skin--Keratoacanthoma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Skin--Lamellar ichthyosis What is "ichthyosis"? Why is this called "lamellar"? Find the lamellae. What is the pattern of inheritance of this disease? What is the Greek word for "fish"? Does a fish have scales?
Skin--Lentiginous junctional nevus, hypermelanotic Why is this called "junctional"? Why is this called "hyper"-pigmented? Is this benign?
Skin--Leukocytoclastic vasculitis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Skin--Lichen Planus (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Skin--Lichen sclerosis et atrophicus (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Skin--Lymphocytic infiltrate (possible tick bite) (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Skin--Melanoma in situ (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Skin--Molluscum contagiosum (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Skin--Mycosis fungoides (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Skin--Neurofibroma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Skin--Palisaded Encapsulated Neuroma (solitary neuroma) (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Skin--Parapsoriasis Name some microscopic pathologic descriptions which characterize the psoriasis-type dermatoses? Find the 3 major ones here.
Skin--Pigmented Spindle Cell Nevus (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Skin--Rheumatoid nodule (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Skin--Schwannoma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Skin--Sebaceous hyperplasia (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Skin--Seborrheic keratosis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Skin--Seborrheic keratosis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Skin--Squamous cell carcinoma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Skin--Squamous cell carcinoma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Skin--Tuberculoid leprosy (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Skin--Varicella (chicken pox) (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Skin or oral mucous membrane--Pyogenic granuloma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Skin -- Dry gangrene Why is dry gangrene dry? Why is wet gangrene wet? Which is an earlier stage? Does the whole thing look like one big infarct? Is it?
Skin -- Furuncle (abscess) What is the difference between a carbuncle and a furuncle? What is the layman's term for either of these two conditions?
Skin --Gunshot wound (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Skin --Keloid (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Skin --Lentigo (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Skin --Malignant melanoma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Skin --Tatoo (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Skin --Ulcer, amputation stump (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Skin --Xanthoma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Skin, kidney --Systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Skin, lip--Basal cell carcinoma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Skin, lip--Verruca vulgaris (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)

Supporting Tissue and Muscle

Abdomen--Desmoid tumor (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Breast, soft tissue--Hemangioma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Diaphragm--Metastatic liposarcoma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Muscle, skeletal--Muscular dystrophy Which fibers are more severely diseased, the top third or lower two thirds? Draw a line separating the very diseases fibers from the relatively normal fibers. Show thin fibers, crooked fibers, fibers surrounded by fibrous tissue, and fibers replaced by fat.
Skeletal muscle--Atrophy (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Skeletal muscle -- Muscular dystrophy What percentage of the fibers still look like normal striated skeletal muscle? What percentage of the fibers are extremely small, have no striations left, or are replaced by fibrous tissue?
Skeletal muscle--Trichinosis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Skeletal muscle --Trichinosis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Skeletal muscle, face--Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Soft tissue--Fibrosarcoma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Soft tissue--Filariasis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Soft tissue--Lipohemangioma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Soft tissue--Onchocerca volvulus (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Soft tissue (retroperitoneum) --Liposarcoma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Soft tissue --Foreign body reaction (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Soft tissue --Lipoma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Soft tissue --Myositis ossificans (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Soft tissue, dorsal wrist--Ganglion (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Tendon sheath--Giant cell tumor (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)

Skeletal System

Bone--Chondroma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Bone--Fibrous dysplasia (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Bone--Hyperparathyroidism (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Bone--Multiple myeloma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Bone--Osteoarthritis, subchondral cyst (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Bone--Osteoid osteoma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Bone--Osteosarcoma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Bone--Osteosarcoma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Bone--Paget disease Can Paget's disease of bone be thought of as osteoblasts gone wild? Are there areas on this slide where osteoblasts are just lined up one right after another? Find an area? Is this ver significantly increased relative to normal bone? Are the lines of bone deposition in normal bone spicules usually very "lamellar"? Is this slide very NON-lamellar? Find an example.
Bone --Rickets (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Bone, vertebra--Adenocarcinoma, metastatic (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Bone, vertebrae--Fracture callus (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Bone, vertebrae--Osteomyelitis and chondritis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Elbow--Chronic fibrinous bursitis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Interphalangeal joint of toe --Gout (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Joint--Rheumatoid arthritis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)

Blood Vessels and Lymphatics

Adrenal gland --Polyarteritis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Aorta--Atherosclerosis with fatty streak (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Aorta--Dissection, cystic medial degeneration Delineate the "dissection", i.e., area of separation? Is it in the "media" of the vessel? Is it cystic? Is it a result of the degenerative disease atherosclerosis?
Aorta --Atherosclerosis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Artery --Thrombus, Atherosclerotic plaque (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Blood vessels--Buergers disease What bad habit causes this disease? Are the arteries "obliterated? Is it easy to figure out why this is also called thromboangiitis "obliterans"? Find the 100% obliterated artery. .90%. ..75%.
Brain--Arteriovenous malformation What is an AVM defined as? It it like a hemangioma morphologically? Indistinguishable, even? Can AVMs thrombose? Find a thrombus.
Coronary arteries--Atherosclerosis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Coronary artery--Atherosclerosis- recanalization (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Kidney--Microscopic polyarteritis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Kidney, arteries--Arterio- and arteriolosclerosis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Neck--Lymphangioma (cystic hygroma) (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Popliteal vein--Thrombosis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Small intestine--Rheumatoid vasculitis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Temporal artery --Temporal arteritis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)

Heart

Heart--Toxoplasma gondii myocarditis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Heart--Acute fibrinous pericarditis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Heart--Diphtheria (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Heart --Pericarditis, bacterial (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Heart -- Recent infarct Why do recent myocardial infarcts feel soft? Show why. Why do old myocardial infarcts feel hard? Tell why. Are most recent infarcts due to thromboses superimposed on severe atherosclerosis?
Heart--Rheumatic fever (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Heart--Subacute rheumatic endocarditis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Heart --Pericarditis, bacterial (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Heart , kidney --Malignant hypertension Describe how these myocardial fibers, i.e., "cells", differ from normal ones. Show too. If skeletal muscle is also subjected to increased work, do the skeletal muscle fibers get thicker too? Do cardiac muscle cell nuclei also get bigger and "boxier" in hypertension/hypertrophy?
Heart --Amyloidosis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Heart --Coxsackie B2 myocarditis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Heart --Mural thrombus, infarct (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Heart --Myocardial infarct, acute (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Heart --Myocardial infarct, remote (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Heart --Myocardial infarction, recent (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Heart, aortic valve --Bacterial endocarditis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Heart, liver--Glycogen storage disease Do the hepatocytes and renal tubular cells look a bit bigger and foamier than usual? Why? Find some big foamy cells. Are most glycogen storage diseases inherited? Name three glycogen storages diseases.
Heart, pericardium--Metastatic breast carcinoma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Kidney--Bacterial endocarditis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)

Hematopoietic System

Blood--Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Blood --Acute leukemia (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Blood --Chronic myelogenous leukemia (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Bone marrow -- adenocarcinoma, metastatic Find metastatic cells. Finf signet ring cells. Find necrotic foci. Where are they? Why is this specimen cylindrically shaped?
Bone Marrow--Chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Bone marrow--Erythroid hyperplasia (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Bone marrow --Follicular lymphoma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Colon--Burkitt lymphoma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Lymph node--Acute Lymphadenitis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Lymph node--Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Lymph node--Anthracosis, tuberculosis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Lymph node--Brucellosis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Lymph node--Chronic lymphocytic leukemia / small lymphocytic lymphoma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Lymph node--Lymphoblastic lymphoma / lymphoblastic leukemia (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Lymph node--Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Lymph node--Mantle cell lymphoma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Lymph node-- Metastatic breast carcinoma Identify some metastatic areas.
Lymph node--Nodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma (with plasma cell differentiation) (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Lymph node--Nodular sclerosis Hodgkin lymphoma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Lymph node--Peripheral T-cell lymphoma, unspecified (mixed medium-sized and large cell) (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Lymph node--Toxoplasmosis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Lymph node--Tularemia (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Lymph node and soft tissues--Lymphogranuloma venereum (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Lymph node --Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Lymph node -- Adenocarcinoma, metastatic to lymph node Identify metastatic glands with central necrotic foci. Identify fibrous bands separating nodules of tumor. Identify lymphocytes.
Lymph node -- Anthracosis What percentage of us have anthracosis in some of our lymph nodes?
Lymph node --Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Lymph node -- Follicular hyperplasia What do you thing a difference might be between follicular lymphoma and benign follicular hyperplasia of a lymph node? What id the other common way a lymph node reacts to inflammatory besides follicular hyperplasia? Is sinus histiocytosis, i.e., reticular hyperplasia, also benign?
Lymph node --Follicular lymphoma, grade 2 (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Lymph node --Lymphocyte depleted lymph node, AIDS Why might an AIDS patient have depleted (really reduced) lymphocytes in a lymph node? Are AIDS patients also at risk for lymphomas?
Lymph node -- Metastatic undifferentiated large cell carcinoma Identify carcinoma cells. Identify lymph nodes.
Lymph node --Sarcoidosis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Lymph node --Tuberculosis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Lymph node, bone marrow, liver, kidney--Chronic lymphocytic leukemia / small lymphocytic lymphoma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Nose--Extramedullary plasmacytoma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Pre-sacral mass --Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (needle biopsy) (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Salivary gland--Extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT lymphoma) (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Spleen--Hereditary spherocytosis What is the normal ratio of white pulp (lymphoid) and red pulp (sinusoids) in a spleen? What is it here? Would you think the splenomegaly might be due to a hemolytic process rather than a lymphoid proliferation here? What percentage of the cross section is lymphoid (white pulp) in this slide?
Spleen--Sickle cell disease Is a small spleen common in sickle cell patients? Why? What is the normal weight of a spleen? What is it about the histology that might lead you to believe that progressive long standing microinfarctions might be the process here?
Spleen --Acute infarct (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Spleen --Amyloidosis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Spleen --Gaucher disease (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Thymus--Thymoma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)

Lung

Lung--Acute infarct, septic (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Lung-- Adenocarcinoma In all honesty can you say with certainty that the adenocarcinoma started in the lung or just spread to it?
Lung--Aspergillosis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Lung -- Aspiration pneumonia What kinds of people get aspiration pneumonia? Can you identify anything which might represent food particles? What organisms are frequent causes of aspiration pneumonia?
Lung--Aspiration pneumonia, infant (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Lung--Asthma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Lung--Blastomycosis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Lung--Bronchial carcinoid (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Lung--Bronchiectasis Define bronchiectasis. Name some common things this is associated with. Show some dilated bronchi.
Lung--Bronchiolo-alveolar carcinoma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Lung--Bronchopneumonia (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Lung--Bronchopneumonia (early) (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Lung--Desquamative interstitial pneumonia What does the word "desquamative" mean as applied here? Name some things this is associated with. Show some "desquamation".
Lung--Diffuse alveolar damage (adult respiratory distress syndrome-hyaline membranes) Is this frequently described as NON-cardiac pulmonary edema? Name some common things it is associated with. Could it be easily confused with plain old pulmonary edema?
Lung--Diffuse interstitial fibrosis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Lung--Early pneumonia (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Lung--Emphysema Is distension and rupture of alveoli secondary to chronic inflammatory small airway disease the common denominator of all emphysema? Show a distended ruptured large coalescence of alveoli? What is the gross term for these structures? Find one. Are bullae common in people with emphysema, i.e., COPD? What might happen if a bulla ruptured?
Lung--Empyema with organized granulation tissue (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Lung--Goodpasture syndrome, pulmonary hemorrhage and fibrosis What 2 organs are usually severely involved in Goodpasture's syndrome? Describe the changes you see in the lung.
Lung--Hamartoma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Lung--Hyaline membrane disease (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Lung--Legionella pneumonia (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Lung--Measles pneumonia (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Lung--Metastatic adenocarcinoma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Lung--Metastatic leiomyosarcoma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Lung--Pneumocystis pneumonia (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Lung--Respiratory distress syndrome with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Lung--Sarcoidosis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Lung--Silicosis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Lung--Small cell carcinoma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Lung (view 1), bone (view 2),liver (view 3) -- Small cell carcinoma with metastases Find tumor cells in all organs shown.
Lung and liver--Congestion and hemorrhage (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Lung --Abscess, bronchopneumonia (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Lung --Acute pulmonary edema, Asbestos bodies (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Lung --Alveolar proteinosis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Lung --Aspergillosis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Lung --Bronchopneumonia with micro-abscesses (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Lung --Chronic pulmonary congestion (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Lung --Healed granuloma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Lung --Interstitial pneumonia (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Lung --Lobar pneumonia (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Lung --Organizing pneumonia (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Lung --Pneumocystis pneumonia (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Lung --Recent infarct (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Lung --Silicosis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Lung -- Squamous cell carcinoma What kinds of structures would you expect to find in a well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma of the lung? (pearls?) What kinds of structures would you expect to find in a moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma of the lung? (intercellular bridges?) What kinds of structures would you expect to find in a poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma of the lung? (nothing) What degree of differentiation is this one?
Lung --Thromboembolus (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Lung --Tuberculosis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Lung --Tumor emboli (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Lung --Wegener granulomatosis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Lung, bronchus--Carcinoma in situ (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Lung, bronchus --Cryptosporidium (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Lung, esophagus--Squamous cell carcinoma with metastasis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Lung, kidney --Metastatic calcification (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Lung, lymph node -- Asthma Show mucous "plugs". Show smooth muscle hypertrophy (or would hyperplasia be a better term?). Show mucous gland hyperplasia? Show some increased eosinophils.
Lung, lymph node --Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma with metastasis to lymph node (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Lung, pleura--Mesothelioma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Lung, pleura--Mesothelioma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Lung, pleura --Adhesion (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Lung, subpleural--Metastatic small cell carcinoma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)

Head and Neck

Carotid body--Carotid body tumor (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Larynx--Haemophilus influenzae laryngitis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Mouth--Ameloblastoma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Mouth--Pyogenic granuloma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Mouth--Reactive hyperkeratosis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Neck --Branchial cyst (lymphoepithelial cyst) (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Nose --Nasal polyp (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Pharynx--Streptococcal tonsilitis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Salivary gland--Adenoid cystic carcinoma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Salivary gland--Papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum (Warthin tumor) (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Salivary gland--Pleomorphic adenoma (mixed tumor) (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Skin, nose--Rhinophyma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Tongue -- Squamous cell carcinoma Delineate some irregular tumor nests. Delineate the deepest part of the infiltration. Show the ulcer. Show normal squamous mucosa. Find an intercellular bridge within a tumor nest. Are some of the orange looking cells possibly making keratin rather than the orange just being written off as necrosis? Show one.
Tongue - - Squamous cell carcinoma Find 2 squamous "pearls". Does the finding of pearls tend to classify the tumor as "well" differentiated?
Trachea--Diphtheria (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)

Gastrointestinal Tract

Anus --Hemorrhoids (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Appendix--Acute appendicitis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Appendix--Normal with congestion Which part of the appendix is hyperemic? Show it. Does this constitute the diagnosis of acute appendicitis? What might be a cause of a hyperemic serosa in an appendix?
Appendix--Peri-appendiceal abscess (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Appendix --Acute appendicitis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Colon--Adenocarcinoma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Colon--Angiodysplasia (vascular ectasia) Define angiodysplasia. Show the part of the colon it is in. By "dysplasia", does that mean this will turn into cancer?
Colon--Bacillary dysentery (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Colon--Diverticulum Delineate the diverticulum. Is its wall paper thin in areas? Could this rupture if it became inflamed? Are we lucky enough in this section to see its connection with the colon lumen? How common is diverticulitis? What dietary lack is it related to? Which part of the colon wall is the most susceptible for a "tic" to pop out?
Colon--Hirschsprung disease Is it easy to find ganglion cells in the wall of this thinned out colon? Can these rupture? Are they at risk for rupture? What age group are these found in?
Colon--Hyperplastic polyp (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Colon--Ischemic enterocolitis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Colon--Juvenile polyp (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Colon--Tubular adenoma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Colon--Tubular adenoma (adenomatous polyp) (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Colon--Ulcerative colitis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Colon--Ulcerative colitis, carcinoma, atypia (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Colon--Villous adenoma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Colon --Adenocarcinoma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Colon --Adenomatous polyp (tubular adenoma) with a focus of carcinoma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Colon --Amebiasis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Colon --Hemorrhagic infarct (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Colon --Pseudomembranous colitis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Colon --Tubular adenoma (adenomatous polyp) (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Colon, esophagus --Candidiasis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Colon, rectum --Schistosomiasis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Esophagus--Adenocarcinoma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Esophagus--Barrett esophagus (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Esophagus--Chronic esophagitis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Esophagus--Squamous cell carcinoma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Esophagus--Zenkers diverticulum Does the presence of smooth muscle in an esophageal wall differentiate it between congenital and acquired? Which kind is this? Why?
Esophagus --Barrett esophagus (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Esophagus --Herpes esophagitis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Esophagus --Ruptured varices (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Esophagus, liver--Squamous cell carcinoma with metastases (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Gallbladder--Acute cholecystitis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Gut--Actinomycosis diverticulitis, abscess (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Intestine--Meconium obstruction with necrosis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Small intestine--Carcinoid tumor (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Small intestine--Celiac sprue (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Small intestine-- Crohn disease Describe 2-3 major things which differentiate Crohn colitis from ulcerative colitis microscopically. Describe 2-3 major things which differentiate Crohn colitis from ulcerative colitis clinically
Small intestine--Crohn disease (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Small intestine--Crohn disease (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Small intestine --Edema (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Small intestine, duodenum--Peptic ulcer (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Small intestine, duodenum--Peutz-Jeghers polyp (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Small intestine, duodenum --Chronic peptic ulcer, penetrating (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Small intestine, ileum--Strongyloides enteritis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Small intestine, ileum--Typhoid ulcer (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Stomach--Adenocarcinoma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Stomach--Adenocarcinoma (linitis plastica) (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Stomach--Atrophic gastritis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Stomach--Chronic gastritis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Stomach--Erosion (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Stomach--Tuberculosis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)

Liver and Biliary System

Extrahepatic bile ducts, common bile duct--Adenocarcinoma, moderately differentiated (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Gallbladder--Cholesterolosis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Gallbladder--Chronic cholecystitis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Heart, liver--Glycogen storage disease (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Liver--Acute and chronic cholangitis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Liver--Acute myeloid leukemia (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Liver-- Alcoholic liver disease Find some Mallory bodies again. Does alcoholic hepatitis usually have abundant amounts of fat, in contrast to viral hepatitis?
Liver--Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency Is this cirrhosis? What are some other clinical and pathologic features of this disease apart from hepatic findings?
Liver--Cardiac cirrhosis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Liver--Cardiac sclerosis (cardiac cirrhosis) Describe, conceptually why a liver should get cirrhosis if a heart is in chronic failure. Does this liver meet the two criteria for cirrhosis? What are they? Show both.
Liver--Centrilobular necrosis from chloroform anesthesia (animal?) (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Liver--Cholestasis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Liver--Chronic active hepatitis, cirrhosis Are most "chronic" cirrhoses nothing more than chronic disease states of acute hepatitis? Where are most of the chronic inflammatory cell infiltrates, portal or centrilobular? Why is preservation of the "limiting plate" so important in the pathologic evaluation of this disease? Find one. Is it disrupted or intact?
Liver--Cirrhosis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Liver--Cirrhosis (micronodular) (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Liver--Cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Liver--Cholangiocarcinoma, moderately well differentiated (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Liver--Congenital cytomegalovirus disease (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Liver--Erythroblastosis fetalis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Liver--Fatty change (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Liver--Fatty change (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Liver--Fulminant hepatitis (massive hepatic necrosis) (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Liver--Hemochromatosis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Liver--Hepatitis, yellow fever virus (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Liver--Hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis of the liver (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Liver--Herpes hepatitis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Liver--Metastatic adenocarcinoma of stomach (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Liver--Normal Why is it CRUCIAL to see and conceptualize the "normal" hepatic lobular architecture? Outline some lobules making sure they, sort of, follow a hexagonal pattern.
Liver--Periportal necrosis in eclampsia (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Liver--Primary biliary cirrhosis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Liver--Traumatic hemorrhage (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Liver--Viral hepatitis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Liver--Viral hepatitis with fulminant necrosis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Liver--Wilson disease What is the main pathologic mechanism that is the basis for Wilson disease? Is this cirrhosis? If so, prove it.
Liver --Amyloidosis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Liver --Central passive congestion and centrilobular hemorrhagic necrosis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Liver --Chronic passive congestion with hemorrhagic centrilobular necrosis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Liver --Cirrhosis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Liver --Cryptococcosis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Liver --Cytomegalic inclusion disease (CMV) (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Liver --Echinococcus cyst (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Liver --Fatty change (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Liver --Histoplasmosis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Liver, heart--Chronic passive congestion and ischemia (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Liver, lymph node --Hemochromatosis/hemosiderosis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Liver, spleen --Malaria (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)

Pancreas

Pancreas -- Adenocarcinoma Draw a wavy line delineating the cancer from the relatively normal pancreas.
Pancreas -- Cystic fibrosis Identify the mucous-like "viscous" material clogging up the ducts. What is another name for cystic fibrosis?
Pancreas--Cystic fibrosis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Pancreas--Hyalinized islets (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Pancreas--Pancreatitis, acute (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Pancreas - - Adenocarcinoma Is this tumor very fibrotic, i.e., sclerotic or desmoplastic? Are most pancreatic adenocarcinomas desmoplastic? Encircle the area of relatively normal pancreas.
Pancreas --Fatty infiltration (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Pancreas --Islet cell tumor (insulinoma) (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Pancreas --Pancreatitis, acute (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Pancreas --Type 2 Diabetes mellitus Do you think the amyloidosis here could be an incidental finding? Differentiate between an area of amyloid and a hyalinized islet. Is amyloid "hyaline" also? If amyloidosis involved the pancreas extensively, do you think it could actually "cause" diabetes?

Urinary Tract

Bladder--Urothelial carcinoma (transitional cell carcinoma) in-situ (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Bladder --Urothelial carcinoma Grade I (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Bladder --Urothelial carcinoma Grade III (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Kidney--Pseudomonas abscesses (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Kidney--Acute and chronic pyelonephritis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Kidney--Acute and chronic pyelonephritis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Kidney--Acute transplant rejection (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Kidney--Adult polycystic disease What is the inheritance pattern of this disease? What is its clinical course? Is this often associated with cysts in multiple other organs? Fond the cysts. Describe them.
Kidney--Arteriolosclerosis (hypertension), and hydropic change (cellular swelling) (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Kidney--Chronic glomerulonephritis Is this a specific disease, or the end stage of all glomerulonephritides with unfavorable evolution? Describe the glomeruli here in words and by showing some graphically. Is hypertension present in most cases?
Kidney--Diabetic glomerulosclerosis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Kidney--Disseminated intravascular coagulation, microthrombi, microinfarcts (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Kidney--Eclampsia Other than hyperemia (congestion), do you see any other pathologic changes here?
Kidney--Interstitial nephritis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Kidney--Membranous glomerulonephritis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Kidney--Nephrocalcinosis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Kidney--Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis Find the "crescents". What is the prognostic significance of finding crescents?
Kidney--Renal cell carcinoma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Kidney--Renal cell carcinoma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Kidney--Renal Cell Carcinoma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Kidney--Renal cell carcinoma (hypernephroma) (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Kidney--Transitional cell carcinoma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Kidney--Wilms tumor (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Kidney --Acute transplant rejection (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Kidney --Acute tubular necrosis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Kidney --Acute tubular necrosis from ethylene glycol (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Kidney --Amyloidosis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Kidney --Atheroemboli (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Kidney --Chronic transplant rejection (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Kidney --Coccidiodomycosis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Kidney --Diffuse cortical necrosis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Kidney --Septic infarct (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Kidney --Systemic lupus erythematosus (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Kidney, Liver, Heart--Kidney: infarct, congestion, (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Ureter--Transitional cell carcinoma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Urinary bladder--Transitional cell carcinoma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)

Male Genital Tract

Penis--Carcinoma in situ (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Penis--Erythroplasia of Queyrat (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Penis--Squamous cell carcinoma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Penis --Chancres in syphilis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Prostate--Acute prostatitis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Prostate--Adenocarcinoma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Prostate--Adenocarcinoma (Gleason grade 1) (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Prostate--Adenocarcinoma (Gleason grade 4) (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Prostate--Adenocarcinoma (Gleason grade 5) (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Prostate--Intraepithelial neoplasm (PIN) (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Prostate --Adenocarcinoma (Gleason grade 2) (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Prostate --Adenocarcinoma (Gleason grade 3) (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Prostate --Nodular hyperplasia (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Prostate, blood vessels--Organizing thrombi (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Testis--Embryonal carcinoma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Testis--Embryonal carcinoma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Testis--Endodermal sinus tumor ( yolk sac tumor ) (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Testis--Orchitis and epididymitis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Testis--Seminoma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Testis--Seminoma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Testis--Sertoli cell tumor (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Testis --Atrophy (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Testis --Benign teratoma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)

Female Genital Tract

Cervix--Atrophy (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Cervix--Bacterial vaginosis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Cervix--Candida (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Cervix--High grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL), Pap smear (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Cervix--High grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL), Pap smear (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Cervix--High grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL), Pap smear (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Cervix--HSIL (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Cervix--Low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL), AutoCyte (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Cervix--Low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL), Pap smear (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Cervix--Low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL), Pap smear (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Cervix- -Squamous cell carcinoma Draw a precise line between where the normal squamous mucosa ends and the cancer starts. What is the difference between those two areas?
Cervix- - Squamous cell carcinoma Find normal mucosa. Find necrotic areas within the infiltrating cancer nests. Describe three differences between the cancer calls and the normal mucosal cells. Find intercellular bridges (i.e., desmosomes) between the cancer cells. Does this prove the tumor is of "squamous" origin?
Cervix--Trichomonas (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Cervix --Carcinoma-in-situ and early invasive carcinoma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Cervix --High grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL), Pap smear (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Cervix --Low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL), AutoCyte (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Cervix --Sever dysplasia, CIN III (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Cervix --Squamous cell carcinoma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Cervix --Squamous metaplasia & carcinoma-in-situ (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Endometrium--Endometrial polyp (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Endometrium --Hyperplasia (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Endometrium --Senile atrophy (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Fallopian tube--Chronic salpingitis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Fallopian tube--Ectopic pregnancy with embryo (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Ovary--Adenocarcinoma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Ovary--Adenocarcinoma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Ovary--Benign teratoma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Ovary--Borderline ovarian tumor (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Ovary--Brenner tumor (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Ovary--Dermoid cyst (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Ovary--Dysgerminoma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Ovary--Endometriosis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Ovary--Granulosa cell tumor (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Ovary--Normal-corpus luteum What is the primary hormone which this structure produces? What is the primary hormone which nurtures this structure? What types of cells are the major receptors of progesterone? Describe, in your own words, what corpus luteum cells look like.
Ovary- -Polycystic ovarian disease (Stein-Leventhal syndrome) What is Stein-Leventhal syndrome? Find the typical looking cysts of Stein-Leventhal syndrome. Describe them. Are all multiple cysts of the ovary Stein-Leventhal? What percentage of women have Stein-Leventhal? What percentage of ovaries have some type of cyst?
Ovary--Serous cystadenocarcinoma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Ovary--Serous cystadenoma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Ovary--Theca cell tumor (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Ovary-corpus albicans--Normal-corpus albicans Is a corpus albicans an involuted and fibrotic corpus luteum? Find one? Describe the fibrous tissue.
Placenta--Implantation site Find villi, find, decidua, find myometrium. Draw a precise line between fetal cells and maternal cells. Can villi (i.e., syntrophoblast and cytotrophoblast) be thought of as extremely extremely invasive infiltrative tissue structures? By the way do these normal decidual nuclei look terribly "malignant"? Show some. Identify syntrophoblast. Identify cytotrophoblast.
Uterus--Adenomyosis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Uterus--Choriocarcinoma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Uterus--Decidual reaction (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Uterus--Endometrial adenocarcinoma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Uterus--Leiomyoma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Uterus--Leiomyosarcoma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Uterus--Syncytial endometritis What are common causes of endometritis? Does an endometrium normally look very inflamed in the late secretory and menstrual phases? Find some big and nasty giant cells. Is this why the term "syncytial" is used"? Do you think this can be mistaken for cancer?
Uterus --Leiomyoma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Uterus --Leiomyosarcoma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Uterus, corpus, placenta--Hydatidiform mole (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Uterus, endometrium--Adenocarcinoma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Uterus, endometrium--Proliferative endometrium Name three differences between endometrium in the proliferative (i.e., estrogenic, or follicular) phase, and the secretory (i..e., luteal or progesterone) phase? Which SINGLE glandular and stromal phenomenon is seen only in the proliferative phase? Show it. Does the presence of glandular vacuoles and secretions pretty much nail down the fact that the endometrium is secretory rather than proliferative?
Uterus, endometrium--Secretory endometrium Name three differences between endometrium in the proliferative (i.e., estrogenic, or follicular) phase, and the secretory (i..e., luteal or progesterone) phase? Which SINGLE glandular and stromal phenomenon is seen only in the proliferative phase? Does the presence of glandular vacuoles and secretions pretty much nail down the fact that the endometrium is secretory rather than proliferative? Find some.
Uterus, endometrium- -Secretory endometrium Name three differences between endometrium in the proliferative (i.e., estrogenic, or follicular) phase, and the secretory (i..e., luteal or progesterone) phase? Which SINGLE glandular and stromal phenomenon is seen only in the proliferative phase? Does the presence of glandular vacuoles and secretions pretty much nail down the fact that the endometrium is secretory rather than proliferative? Find some.
Vagina--Clear cell carcinoma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Vulva--Hydradenoma What type of normal tissue structures are hidradenomas derived from? Does this one also look papillary? Is this tumor benign? Do most of them look papillary? Can this often be confused with a metastatic papillary carcinoma?
Vulva--Paget disease Find the Paget cells. Is Paget disease more common in the breast? In what percentage of these cases is there an underlying adenocarcinoma?
Vulva--Severe dysplasia (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Vulva --Condyloma accuminata (viral induced squamous papilloma) (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)

Breast

Breast--Colloid carcinoma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Breast--Ductal carcinoma in situ (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Breast--Epithelial hyperplasia What is the definition of hyperplasia anywhere in the body? Could hyperplasia be a normal reactive adaptive process? Do most hyperplasias develop into cancer? Can some hyperplasis develop into "atypical" hyperplasias, i.e., dysplasia? Find the hyperplasia here. Does the hyperplasia here happen to involve ductal epithelial cells? Can it also be called ductal hyperplasia? Although ductal hyperplasia in itself is not regarded as premalignant, if it present in a breast biopsy does it present a statistically increased risk for the development of possible future cancer? Do many atypical hyperplasias, i.e., dysplasias develop into cancer. Is the hyperplasia here "atypical"? What is your opinion?
Breast--Fibroadenoma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Breast--Fibroadenoma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Breast--Gynecomastia (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Breast--Hyperplasia of pregnancy (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Breast--Intraductal papilloma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Breast--Lobular carcinoma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Breast--Lobular carcinoma in situ (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Breast--Medullary carcinoma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Breast--Paget disease (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Breast --Ductal carcinoma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Breast --Fat necrosis, traumatic (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Breast --Fibroadenoma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Breast --Foreign body reaction (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Breast --Hyperplasia of lactation (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Breast --Lobular carcinoma in situ (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)

Endocrine System

Adrenal--Adrenocortical carcinoma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Adrenal--Atrophy (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Adrenal--Cortical adenoma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Adrenal--Neuroblastoma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Adrenal--Nodular hyperplasia (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Adrenal--Pheochromocytoma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Adrenal gland--Primary chronic adrenal insufficiency (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Adrenal gland --Amyloidosis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Parathyroid--Oxyphil adenoma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Parathyroid--Tertiary hyperparathyroidism (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Pituitary--Acidophilic adenoma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Pituitary--Partial infarct (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Thyroid--Colloid goiter (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Thyroid--Follicular carcinoma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Thyroid--Graves disease (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Thyroid--Graves disease (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Thyroid--Graves Disease (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Thyroid--Hashimoto thyroiditis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Thyroid--Hashimoto thyroiditis, papillary carcinoma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Thyroid--Nodular goiter (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Thyroid --Follicular adenoma (microfollicular variant) (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Thyroid --Hashimoto thyroiditis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Thyroid --Papillary carcinoma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)

Eye

Nervous System

Brain--Adrenoleukodystrophy What does Wikipedia list as the nine different types of leukodystrophy? Because "leuko" is the Greek word for "white" would you suspect leukodystrophies affect primarilly white (i.e., myelinated) matter rather than grey matter? Are most leukodystrophies inherited disorders with various complex patterns of inheritence? Are all 15 known leukodystrophies disorders which affect the proper structure and function of myelin? Describe the white matter abnormalities in this cerebellum?
Brain--Arteriovenous malformation (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Brain--Astrocytoma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Brain--Glioblastoma multiforme (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Brain--Glioblastoma multiforme (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Brain--Gumma of syphilis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Brain--Meningioma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Brain--Oligodendroglioma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Brain--Paresis (syphilis) (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Brain--Rabies (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Brain --Acute pyogenic (bacterial) meningitis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Brain --Alzheimer disease (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Brain --Cerebral infarct, recent (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Brain --Contusion (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Brain --Hemorrhage (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Brain --Mucormycosis meningoencephalitis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Brain --Viral encephalitis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Brain, cerebellum --Medulloblastoma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Brain, cerebellum--Sarcoidosis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Brain, cerebellum --Abscess (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Brain, cerebrum--Cryptococcosis (PAS stain) (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Brain, pons--Arteriovenous malformation What is an AVM defined as? It it like a hemangioma morphologically? Indistinguishable, even? Can AVMs thrombose? Find a thrombus, if you think there could be any early small thrombi here.
Brainstem--Glioma (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Nerve--Ganglioneuroma Are ganglioneuromas benign tumors of peripheral nerves? Are they infinitely more rare than the commonest type of peripheral nerve tumor? What is the first commonest type of peripheral nerve tumor? What are 99% of the nucleated cells in a normal peripheral nerve called? What type of cells are seen in ganglioneuromas that are NOT seen in schwannomas? Find some.
Skeletal muscle, spinal cord--Poliomyelitis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Skeletal muscle, spinal cord --Poliomyelitis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Spinal cord--Multiple sclerosis If a certain compounds stain the lipid rich myelin nice and black, and there is "DE-myelination" present as a pathologic process, would you suspect "absence of black" would be a great way of identifying plaques of the classical demyelinating disease, multiple sclerosis? Find the area of multiple sclerosis. If there is now more water and more protons in this area, would MRI be able to nicely demonstrate the plaques also?
Spinal cord--Poliomyelitis (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)
Spinal cord --Subacute combined degeneration of pernicious anemia (Please refer to the previous set of questions regarding this case. But please look at the slide briefly again anyway!)